Diffusion in Multi-Compositional PZ-PT-PZN Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
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Diffusion in multi-compositional 0.9PbZrO3−xPbTiO3-(0.1–x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZ-PT-PZN) ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering was investigated through measuring the pyroelectric properties. The strong dependence of pyroelectric properties on composition x provides a useful method to investigate the diffusion between the different compositions. In addition to the post heat-treatment, the calcination conditions and the existence of Ti4 + were found to play very important roles on the diffusion. The diffusion decreases with increasing calcination temperature, while the presence of Ti4 + significantly increases the diffusion between the different compositions.Keywords:
Spark Plasma Sintering
To get CaTiO3catalyst with high photocatalytic properties,the effect of calcination conditions,on the photocatalytic activity of CaTiO3 was investigated.The calcination conditions included heating rate of calcination precursors,calcination temperature,calcination time and cooling rate of calcination products,The catalyst was synthesized by solid-state reaction method with Ca(NO3)2and TiO(OH)2as raw materials and NaOH as mineralizer.The physical properties of the catalyst were characterized using XRD and SEM.The experimental results showed that the activity increased until reached a maximum,and then decreased with the increasing heating rate of calcination precursors;the photocatalytic activity decreased drastically with the fast cooling rate of calcination products.Moreover,the optimal values of calcination temperature and calcination time were obtained.As a result,the CaTiO3catalysts with high photocatalytic activity can be obtained under an optimized calcination conditions after loading CoO(0.2 wt%)co-catalyst.
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Abstract Several members of a new family of synthetic polypeptide polymers in form of gelatin thick films (20-80 μm thick) were studied for possible sensor applications. In the present paper the properties of a triglycerol-gelatin film are reported. The pyroelectric properties of the film were examined by using the Byer-Roundy and dynamic Chynoweth technique in the temperature range from −100°C to +60°C. The pyroelectric current measured by the Byer-Roundy method is heavily dominated by the thermally stimulated currents. However, the dynamic technique of Chynoweth revealed a true reversible pyroelectric response of the film. The value of the observed pyroelectric coefficient was found to be comparable to that of PVDF, the best known pyroelectric and piezoelectric polymer material.
Gelatin
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This report is an outline of pyroelectric sensors. The properties of various materials for pyroelectric sensors were investigated. Various types of construction and performance factors which give pyroelectric sensors their particular features are described. Several applications of the pyroelectric sensor are also listed. In conclusion, the future trend of the pyroelectric sensor is described.
Pyroelectric crystal
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Pyroelectric materials were widely used in the detection of IR, which can detect large range of infrared radiations, and the detectors do not need to be cooled. In recent year, PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3 (PST) as a kind of pyroelectric material which operates in bolometer mode, has involved more interesting. The material has higher pyroelectric efficient, dielectric constant and higher detecting merits than other common pyroelectric materials such as PZT. This paper reviews the dielectric and pyroelectric properties and the development of pyroelectric array of PST ceramics and the status of the dielectric and pyroelectric properties and the development of pyroelectric array of PST thin films at present.
Pyroelectric crystal
Infrared detector
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Abstract The pyroelectric response of a triglycerol-gelatin film, belonging to a new family of pyroelectric modified polypeptides, is examined over a temperature range from-20°C to +85°C, by the dynamic Chynoweth1 technique. The size of the observed pyroelectric coefficient of the film is found to be comparable to that of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the best known piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer.
Polyvinylidene fluoride
Gelatin
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A pyroelectric phenomenon is a manifestation of the temperature dependence of spontaneous polarization on certain solids, which can be either single-crystal or poly-crystalline aggregates. When the temperature of the material is slightly increased, the electrical polarization of the material changes, and voltage can be measured between certain faces of the pyroelectric sample. Conversely, if the temperature of the material is lowered by the same amount, the same magnitudes of polarization and voltage are found with the signs reversed. Thus, pyroelectric materials provide a means of producing infrared (IR) detectors that conveniently operate at room temperature. In this chapter, a number of fundamental aspects of pyroelectricity are described regarding its application in IR detection and energy harvesting. Pyroelectric materials form a subgroup of piezoelectrics, while ferroelectrics form a subgroup of pyroelectrics. Relationships between crystal structure and relevant properties are discussed along with important candidate materials and their applications.
Pyroelectric crystal
Infrared detector
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Abstract Pyroelectric properties of PLT thin films prepared by MOD method are characterized. Dynamic pyroelectric responses of the films measured with Chynoweth method are presented. Pyroelectric responses of point and quadruple pyroelectric detectors using PLT20 thin films are measured. One-dimensional heat conduction model is used to analyze the properties of the detectors. requirements to the PLT films used for pyroelectric detectors are proposed.
Pyroelectric crystal
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The physics of pyroelectric detectors Pyroelectric response Comparison of noise and signal Other sources of noise The piezoelectric effect in pyroelectric detectors Measurement of physical parameters Dielectric properties Pyroelectric properties Electrical resistivity Thermal properties Piezoelectric property determination Pyroelectric materials and their selection Pyroelectric ceramics and thin films Conclusions
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Characterization
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Pyroelectric properties in alternating DAEP/NC Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and effects of incorporating the barium cations on pyroelectric behaviours have been investigated.The pyroelectric coefficient measured is found to be 58μCm-2K-1 at 300K.The dielectric properties have been measured and used to determine the figures of merit in thermal devices. Relative permittivity εr and dielectric loss values tanδ of pyroelectric films (in the range of 1kHz—100kHz) are 2.34—1.96 and 0.08—0.04, respectively. The effects of different deposition and incorporated metal ions on pyroelectric properties are also discussed in this paper. It is indicated that the alternating LB films is promising in the field of pyroelectricity and pyroelectric infrared detector.
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Pyroelectric crystal
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