Locus of Control and Self-Esteem in Children with Encopresis
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Children with encopresis were compared to children with other "high prevalence low-severity" disorders on measures of locus of control and self-esteem. Children with encopresis tended to feel less in control of positive life events, had lower self-worth, and were more apt to want to change and be different than children with other chronic symptoms. Data tend to contradict traditional interpretations of encopresis as a system of unconscious motives involving independence and control. Also, this information adds to the clinical impression culled from experience that active intensive remediation is the appropriate clinical response when treating children with encopresis.Keywords:
Encopresis
Locus of control
Encopresis
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Encopresis is usually secondary to constipation but is sometimes associated with a primary behavioral disorder or a functionally incompetent anal sphincter. Although rare, an underlying organic disorder must be excluded. Encopresis secondary to constipation is treated with mineral oil, with the dosage titrated to individual needs. Adjuncts to therapy include dietary manipulation and stool softeners.
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Encopresis
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The purpose of our study is to study the infl uence of locus control on the behavior of students of railway technical schools and to study the possible intermediary role of self-esteem and self-esteem of students. A total of 220 fi rst-year students and 210 fourth-year students completed the USC personality questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Self-esteem scale, and the Coping Behavior in Stressful Situations questionnaire. The analysis showed that the external locus of control, reduced self-esteem and self-esteem suggests a violent emotional reaction to situations. At the same time, students with an internal locus of control and adequate sel f-esteem have a behavior strategy aimed at rational problem solving without being distracted by emotions. These results show that it is necessary to pay closer attention to the formation of the internal locus of control among students of railway technical schools, as this is directly related to their future professional activities.
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Parenting styles
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To evaluate the frequency of predisposing factors for encopresis before and during toilet training, comparing children with primary and secondary encopresis.In this retrospective study, questionnaires from the initial evaluation at an encopresis clinic at a tertiary care pediatric hospital were reviewed for the presence or absence of factors in the first 2 years of life, for toilet training practices, and for disruptive events during the training process. Children younger than 48 months or those with organic defecation disorders were excluded.In 411 children with encopresis, the reported frequency of predisposing factors included constipation in 35%, and previous treatment for constipation in 24%. Toilet training was initiated before age 2 years in 26% and after age 3 years in 14%. Interruption of toilet training and punishment were seen more in primary encopresis than in secondary encopresis (50% versus 23%; P < 0.05) and (52% versus 26%; P < 0.05) respectively. Constipation (30% versus 18%; P < 0.05) and abdominal pain (23% versus 9%; P <0.0:5) during toilet training were more common in primary encopresis as was fear of the toilet (47% versus 10%; P < 0.05).In children with encopresis, early difficult defecation, previous treatment for constipation, and early initiation of toilet training were less common than expected. Children with primary encopresis did not have an increased incidence of early constipation or invasive treatments compared with those with secondary encopresis. However, children with primary encopresis did have more difficult and disruptive toilet training experiences.
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Pediatric nurses can play a major role in preventing encopresis through anticipatory guidance and education. An understanding of contributing factors that may lead to constipation and encopresis will assist pediatric nurses in their efforts to help prevent this condition.
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ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the frequency of predisposing factors for encopresis before and during toilet training, comparing children with primary and secondary encopresis. Methods In this retrospective study, questionnaires from the initial evaluation at an encopresis clinic at a tertiary care pediatric hospital were reviewed for the presence or absence of factors in the first 2 years of life, for toilet training practices, and for disruptive events during the training process. Children younger than 48 months or those with organic defecation disorders were excluded. Results In 411 children with encopresis, the reported frequency of predisposing factors included constipation in 35%, and previous treatment for constipation in 24%. Toilet training was initiated before age 2 years in 26% and after age 3 years in 14%. Interruption of toilet training and punishment were seen more in primary encopresis than in secondary encopresis (50% versus 23%; P < 0.05) and (52% versus 26%; P < 0.05) respectively. Constipation (30% versus 18%; P < 0.05) and abdominal pain (23% versus 9%; P <0.0:5) during toilet training were more common in primary encopresis as was fear of the toilet (47% versus 10%; P < 0.05). Conclusions In children with encopresis, early difficult defecation, previous treatment for constipation, and early initiation of toilet training were less common than expected. Children with primary encopresis did not have an increased incidence of early constipation or invasive treatments compared with those with secondary encopresis. However, children with primary encopresis did have more difficult and disruptive toilet training experiences.
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Toilet
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Affection
Romance
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