Engineered Proteins for Biomaterials
Patrick S. StaytonAshutosh ChilkotiCynthia J. LongDean K. PettitPhilip TanGuohua ChenAllan S. Hoffman
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Interfacing
Protein Engineering
Folding (DSP implementation)
The relatively weak mechanical properties of hydrogels remain a major drawback for their application as load-bearing tissue scaffolds. Previously, we developed cell-laden double-network (DN) hydrogels that were composed of photocrosslinkable gellan gum (GG) and gelatin. Further research into the materials as tissue scaffolds determined that the strength of the DN hydrogels decreased when they were prepared at cell-compatible conditions, and the encapsulated cells in the DN hydrogels did not function as well as they did in gelatin hydrogels. In this work, we developed microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels from the same two polymers, which have better mechanical strength and biological properties in comparison to the DN hydrogels. The MR hydrogels were prepared by incorporating stiff GG microgels into soft and ductile gelatin hydrogels. The MR hydrogels prepared at cell-compatible conditions exhibited higher strength than the DN hydrogels and the gelatin hydrogels, the highest strength being 2.8 times that of the gelatin hydrogels. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts encapsulated in MR hydrogels exhibited as high metabolic activity as in gelatin hydrogels, which is significantly higher than that in the DN hydrogels. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the amount of mineralization showed that osteogenic behavior of MC3T3-E1 cells was as much facilitated in the MR hydrogels as in the gelatin hydrogels, while it was not as much facilitated in the DN hydrogels. These results suggest that the MR hydrogels could be a better alternative to the DN hydrogels and have great potential as load-bearing tissue scaffolds.
Gelatin
Gellan gum
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A novel underwater interfacing system, which adopts "catching" manipulators to assist in interfacing, is introduced in this paper. The overall description of the system, including the basic working principle, interfacing apparatus' degrees of freedom and system's configuration, are given. The kinematics and statics of the interfacing apparatus are analyzed, and the automatic interfacing strategy is presented.
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This task force paper presents multi-domain tools and their interfacing issues to perform simulations that require expertise in multiple areas of physics, such as electrothermal, electromechanical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic simulations, etc. Features of single multi-domain simulation tools, which are capable of simulating more than one system such as electrical chemical, mechanical, etc., are discussed. In addition, programs that are not capable of performing multi-domain simulation independently but can be interfaced with other programs to perform multi-domain simulation are also covered. Two case studies are reported where multi-domain simulations are performed in offline and real-time environments through the interfacing of more than one simulation tool.
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In this paper, the aim of a novel underwater interfacing system research is introduced. The composition, interfacing process and operation strategy of the new interfacing apparatus of a 6 DOF dynamic positioning DSRV are presented. The calculating method of interfacing manipulators' position and orientation is given. Three level control, namely, PC computer, primary and secondary 8098 microprocessors, is adopted. Prototype of the new type underwater interfacing apparatus was produced, and was integrated with a dynamic positioning model vehicle. Using the model, interfacing experiments in calm water, in current, with and without notable longitudinal and lateral inclinations were performed. The results show that the underwater interfacing apparatus is feasible.
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The relatively weak mechanical properties of hydrogels remain a major drawback for their application as load-bearing tissue scaffolds. Previously, we developed cell-laden double-network (DN) hydrogels that were composed of photocrosslinkable gellan gum (GG) and gelatin. Further research into the materials as tissue scaffolds determined that the strength of the DN hydrogels decreased when they were prepared at cell-compatible conditions, and the encapsulated cells in the DN hydrogels did not function as well as they did in gelatin hydrogels. In this work, we developed microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels from the same two polymers, which have better mechanical strength and biological properties in comparison to the DN hydrogels. The MR hydrogels were prepared by incorporating stiff GG microgels into soft and ductile gelatin hydrogels. The MR hydrogels prepared at cell-compatible conditions exhibited higher strength than the DN hydrogels and the gelatin hydrogels, the highest strength being 2.8 times that of the gelatin hydrogels. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts encapsulated in MR hydrogels exhibited as high metabolic activity as in gelatin hydrogels, which is significantly higher than that in the DN hydrogels. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the amount of mineralization showed that osteogenic behavior of MC3T3-E1 cells was as much facilitated in the MR hydrogels as in the gelatin hydrogels, while it was not as much facilitated in the DN hydrogels. These results suggest that the MR hydrogels could be a better alternative to the DN hydrogels and have great potential as load-bearing tissue scaffolds.
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Gellan gum
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In this work we expose the challenges of interfacing both conventional and new systems with an extremely resource constrained platform. We find that even when attempts are made to utilize an industry standard protocol (I2C), necessary protocol modifications for ultra-low power design means that interfacing remains non-trivial.
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This article gives a brief (and somewhat incomplete) history of the role of microcomputer interfacing as it pertains to introductory physics teaching. A new approach to interfacing is described, and several interfacing examples are given.
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Micro computer
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This paper describes interfacing techniques for connecting fully digital and analog real time simulators. Three types of interfacing techniques, which are applicable for long transmission lines, short transmission lines, and transformers, are developed and tested. Further, these interfacing techniques are validated through detailed simulation studies carried out by actually connecting a fully digital real-time simulator (HYPERSIM) and an analog simulator (PSA). The interfacing technique using a transformer is shown to be quite promising for practical applications.
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This panel paper presents an overview of techniques to address: (a) the interfacing of an electromagnetic transient simulation program with a transient stability simulation program, (b) interfacing of an electromagnetic transient simulation program with an electromagnetic field simulation program, and (c) interfacing issues of a real-time digital simulator. The salient features of each type of simulation program are discussed with the highlights on technical challenges for interfacing, and the classification of the various interfacing methods available in the literature is presented.
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