Study of Regional Surface Waves and Frequency-dependent M s : m b Discrimination in the European Arctic
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Abstract Nearly half a century has passed since the first broadband seismometer was installed by A. Plešinger and his team. The principles behind this instrument, as well as its features and new possibilities regarding broadband data mining, have been reported within the scientific literature. This text is intended as a commemoration of this pioneering work and also serves as a historical reminder of the social and political circumstances surrounding the time period of broadband seismometer introduction that are not mentioned in original works but that played an important role during broadband seismometer development.
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This study reconfigures meanings of photographs for appearing of visual culture paradigm. By this, a strategy model for digitization could establish which needs when photographs are digitized. A strategy model for digitization is based on essential issues when digitized. Also, applying the project life-cycle and digitization chain model, the processes are suggested as a general reference model. Broadly, Three steps, Pre-project step, Production step, Post-project step, are divided and Specifically, Four steps, (1) Establishment and management of the whole project plans (2) Selecting the target for the digitization of photographs (3) Digital Conversion and Quality Control (4) Preservation and access, are separated. Substantial digitization strategy of photographs is built based on chain model of digitization to guarantee qualities of creating digital objects. Each step is constituted with basic processes, details and checklists.
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This work was carried out under NSF Grants No. OCE-91-18943 and
OCE No. OCE-95-05730: A Broadband Borehole Seismometer for the Deep Ocean -
Development and Land Testing
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Research Article| March 19, 2019 Characteristics and Spatial Variability of Wind Noise on Near‐Surface Broadband Seismometers Sydney N. Dybing; Sydney N. Dybing Corresponding Author aDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1169, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130‐4899 U.S.A., sydneydybing@gmail.com Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Adam T. Ringler; Adam T. Ringler bU.S. Geological Survey, Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, P.O. Box 82010, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87198‐2010 U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David C. Wilson; David C. Wilson bU.S. Geological Survey, Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, P.O. Box 82010, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87198‐2010 U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert E. Anthony Robert E. Anthony bU.S. Geological Survey, Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, P.O. Box 82010, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87198‐2010 U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2019) 109 (3): 1082–1098. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180227 Article history first online: 19 Mar 2019 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Sydney N. Dybing, Adam T. Ringler, David C. Wilson, Robert E. Anthony; Characteristics and Spatial Variability of Wind Noise on Near‐Surface Broadband Seismometers. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2019;; 109 (3): 1082–1098. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180227 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of the Seismological Society of America Search Advanced Search Abstract By coupling with the ground, wind causes ground motion that appears on seismic records as noise across a wide bandwidth. This wind‐generated noise can drown out important features such as small earthquakes and prevent observation of normal modes from large earthquakes. Because the wind field is heterogeneous at local scales due to structures, diurnal heating, and topography, wind‐induced seismic noise may be different on seismometers installed just meters apart. We investigated the spatial variability of wind‐induced noise using two weather sensors separated by ∼100 m and collocated with one deep borehole and four near‐surface broadband seismometers. We found that at longer periods (>5 s), increasing wind speed causes noise increases on the horizontal components of seismometers. Although this has been previously observed, we also measured γ2 coherences of less than 0.2 between the wind speed, wind direction, and the pressure recorded by our weather stations. We further observed a loss of coherence between the vertical components of our seismometers from an 8–20 s period. The amplitude of the drop in coherence appears to depend on the substrate surrounding the seismometer. Based on two previously developed theoretical models, we found that the local material surrounding the sensor could be amplifying the wind‐generated noise. We also investigated the frequency dependence of wind‐induced noise and found that the dominant source of high‐frequency seismic noise at some sites could be anthropogenic rather than induced by wind. In addition, we estimated the linear relationships between the root mean square (rms) of wind speed and rms seismic velocity for each sensor, finding substantial variability between different installments. A more detailed understanding of the complex processes by which wind‐induced noise is generated can inform the installation of sensors and the development of methods for mitigation of these effects, thus improving the overall quality of seismic data. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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海底に設置された地震計は, 0.1Hzより低い周波数帯域において海底底層流の影響を受けることが知られている. 底層流による低周波ノイズを低減するためには, 地震計と海底面とのカップリングを向上させる必要がある. 本研究では, 自由落下で地震計を設置する海底地震観測において低周波ノイズを低減するため, 異なる形状のおもりを用いた比較実験を行った. 従来の井型おもりと, 新しく考案した平板おもりをそれぞれ装着した2台の海底地震計を, 紀伊半島沖熊野灘に2007年12月末から2008年2月初旬の約2ケ月間設置した. 実験の結果, 水平動成分に関しては両者のノイズレベルは変わらなかった. しかし, 上下動成分に関しては, 平板おもりを装着した地震計は従来の井型おもりに比べて0.01Hzより低い周波数帯域においてノイズレベルの低減がみられた.
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Digitization implies conversion of a paper document to a digital document. The main reasons for library digitization are to enhance access and preservation of library resources. Despite the benefits of library digitization, it is disheartening to know that while libraries in developed countries are putting in efforts digitizing their resources, little effort is being put by libraries in developing countries to digitize their resources. Hence, this chapter attempts to create awareness of the importance of library digitization in the preservation and enhancement of access of library resources. In addition to discussing the roles of library digitization in preservation and enhancement of access of library resources, the chapter also discussed some digitization tools, some misconceptions of library digitization, stages of library digitization, and some challenges of library digitization. Some recommendations were also given in the chapter.
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PART 1: STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING 1. Why digitize? The costs and benefits of digitization 2. Selecting materials for digitization 3. Intellectual property, copyright, and other legal issues 4. Project management and the institutional framework 5. The importance of collaboration PART 2: DIGITIZING COLLECTIONS 6. Project planning and funding 7. Managing a digitization project 8. Digitization of rare and fragile materials 9. Digitization of audio and moving image collections 10. Digitization of text and images.
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Seismometer
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Seismic Noise
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ABSTRACT Seismometer deployments are often confined to near the Earth’s surface for practical reasons, despite the clear advantages of deeper seismometer installations related to lower noise levels and more homogeneous conditions. Here, we describe a 3D broadband seismometer array deployed at the inactive Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which takes advantage of infrastructure originally setup for mining and is now used for a range of scientific experiments. The array consists of 24 stations, of which 15 were underground, with depths ranging from 300 ft (91 m) to 4850 ft (1478 m), and with a 3D aperture of ∼1.5 km in each direction, thus spanning a 3D volume of about 3.4 km3. We describe unique research opportunities and challenges related to the 3D geometry, including the generally low ambient noise levels, the strong coherency between observed event waveforms across the array, and the technical challenges of running the network. This article summarizes preliminary results obtained using data acquired by the Homestake array, illustrating the range of possible studies supported by the data.
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