Ontogenetic development of synovial A cells in fetal and neonatal rat knee joints
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A model relating the recruitment of skeletal muscle fibers from precursor cells to growth and development of the whole muscle is presented. The pattern of growth throughout ontogeny is analyzed for differences in: (1) initial number of precursor cells, (2) timing of onset of differentiation, (3) timing of offset of differentiation, and (4) differentiation rate (number of precursor cells that differentiate each cell cycle). The initial number results in a larger muscle but has no effect on relative growth rate. Later onset time and slower differentiation rate result in relatively slow growth early in ontogeny but rapid growth for most of ontogeny. A later offset time results in faster growth late in ontogeny as new fibers continue to be recruited late into ontogeny. The pattern derived from onset time and differentiation rate matches that of the precocial-altricial continuum in birds in which selection for functional ability early in ontogeny results in slow growth late in ontogeny. Methods for recognizing the different developmental parameters in the size distribution of muscle fibers are described and three empirical examples interpreted in terms of the model.
Precocial
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Developmental Biology
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The role of polyalternativeness of small mammals' ontogeny development (belongings of individuals to alternative pathways of the ontogeny development) in the estimation of effects of ionizing radiation is considered. It is shown that biological consequences of acute (laboratory experiment) and chronic (inhabiting the Eastern Urals Radioactive Trace zone) ionizing radiation in rodents significantly depend on the belonging of individuals to the pathway of ontogeny. Specificity of the response of the population to acute and chronic irradiation is revealed. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the belonging of individuals to the pathway of ontogeny development in a wide spectrum of investigations at the analysis of any biological parameters in small rodents in the zones of local technogenic contamination.
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To prepare monoclonal antibodies against oh(8)dG and to evaluate the relationship between Hp infection and oxidative DNA damage by detecting oh8dG in gastric mucosa.BALB/C mice were immunized with BSA-oh(8)dG conjugate, monoclonal antibodies were prepared by hybridoma technique, the biological characteristics of antibodies were analysed by competitive ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Two strains of hybridoma cell were obtained. ELISA and Western blot indicated that the antibodies were fairly specific for oh(8)dG. In immunohistochemistry,the positive rate of oh(8)dG expression in Hp positive tissues and Hp negative tissues was 55% and 5%, respectively(P<0.01).The prepared antibodies can specially recognize oh(8)dG and immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibodies showed Hp infection can increase oh(8)dG level in gastric mucosa.
Conjugate
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Objective: To prepare monoclonal antibodies against oh8dG and to evaluate the relationship between Hp infection and oxidative DNA damage by detecting oh8dG in gastric mucosa. Methods: BALB/C mice were immunized with BSA-oh8dG conjugate, monoclonal antibodies were prepared by hybridoma technique, the biological characteristics of antibodies were analysed by competitive ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Two strains of hybridoma cell were obtained. ELISA and Western blot indicated that the antibodies were fairly specific for oh8dG. In immunohistochemistry,the positive rate of oh8dG expression in Hp positive tissues and Hp negative tissues was 55% and 5%, respectively(P0.01). Conclusion: The prepared antibodies can specially recognize oh8dG and immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antidodies showed Hp infection can increase oh8dG level in gastric mucosa.
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Morphometrics
Allometry
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We compared skull ontogenies in three otariid species to identify evolutionary novelties and to understand their relationships with diversity. The species studied were Arctocephalus australis, Callorhinus ursinus and Otaria byronia. We analyzed evolutionary changes in three parameters of developmental trajectories of skull shape: shape at the outset of ontogeny, allometric pattern, and the amount of change undergone over the course of ontogeny, which depends on its duration (the length of the ontogenetic vector) and on the rate of development. Initial shapes were always very different among the species and the distances between shapes increased with time, independently from size. Furthermore, when the complete samples were considered, all the ontogenetic trajectories were significantly different concerning the directions of the allometric vectors during ontogeny. Ontogenetic trajectories also differed significantly among almost all compared pairs, except for the trajectories of males of A. australis and C. ursinus. However, these differences are expected by chance (considering the range of angles within each sample). A similar pattern was found when the subadults were compared in pairs of species, as well as adult males of A. australis and O. byronia. The correlation found between ontogenies of juveniles was expected by chance, with exception of C. ursinus and O. byronia. The ontogenetic trajectory of C. ursinus, is the shortest and that of O. byronia is the longest, with the latter being near the triple of the former. A. australis has an intermediary length of ontogenetic trajectory. Considering all three species, disparity increased significantly over ontogeny since the disparity of the adults is near double that between juveniles. However, the pattern of disparity did not change considerably during ontogeny. For any ontogenetical stage, O. byronia is the species that most contributed to the disparity of the group, followed by C. ursinus. Finally, ontogenies examined herein are clearly not constrained (almost every developmental parameter of shape that could evolve was observed) and perhaps the differences in patterns have additive effects in the differentiation of the ontogenies.
Allometry
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