Nutritional assessment using a microcomputer 1. Programme design
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Journal Article 1. Malnutrition in the community: Recent concepts Get access P.S. Shetty, P.S. Shetty 1London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Address for correspondence and offprint requests: P. S. Shetty, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BT, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W.P.T. James, W.P.T. James 2Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. Ferro-Luzzi A. Ferro-Luzzi 3National Institute of Nutrition, Rome, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 88, Issue 6, November-December 1994, Pages 612–614, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90194-5 Published: 01 December 1994
Nutrition Disorders
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Using multi microcomputer digital and analog mixed simulation technique , the digital simulation of mathematical model of a subsystem of the whole process inside each microcomputer was carried on, and the main calculated variables are transmitted or outputed among microcomputers through AD/DA plates as analogue. The work conditions of each microcomputer were transmitted to a host for monitoring or display by serial communication. This technique was successfully applied on distribution simulation test bench of microcomputer system for DF 6 locomotive.
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This paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of the system for simulating the single chip microcomputer for the purpose of computer assisted instruction. It also studies the methods of visually simulating the single chip microcomputer by the microcomputer as well as its range of application by means of the visual simulating system software DD51 2.1 designed by the authors. The construction of the system is discussed in the paper. The dynamic visual simulating of the running of the single chip microcomputer has been realized for the first time in this field.
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The serial communication between computer and single-chip microcomputer is mainly introduced in this paper. The data,the computer receiving from or sending to single-chip microcomputer ,is transmitted through the control of MSComm and stored in the file. The data ,the single-chip microcomputer receiving from computer,is used to set the working parameter of single-chip microcomputer. The data,transmitted at intervals from single-chip microcomputer to computer,is mainly the data produced in or detected by single-chip microcomputer. The program is edited in assembly language.
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Objective Nutrition labeling on restaurant menus is now required in some locations. This research investigated the influence of type and format of menu nutrition labeling on consumers' ability to estimate calories and their intended purchases. Methods Young adults (N=464) were surveyed using one of six different menus. Menu versions included control, calories only, guideline daily amount system, better for you symbol, index value, and a traffic light system. Results Overall, menus with nutrition information analyzed by three calorie groupings were related to fewer calories ordered (1346 vs. 1569 calories ordered) and improved ability to estimate caloric values (586 vs. 821 calories estimation error), x 2 (2, 442) = 11.11, p < 0.01 and x 2 (35, 442) = 62.27, p< 0.01, respectively. The guideline daily amount system had the largest decrease in calories ordered (1003 calories ordered). The calories only menu had the smallest error between actual calories ordered and ability to identify calories ordered (237 calorie estimation error). Females were more likely than males to decrease calories ordered when nutrition information was present x 2 (2, 442) = 8.88, p <0.05. Conclusions Research on the influence of type and format of nutrition information on menus with other populations is needed. Results of this and future research needs to be considered when developing menu labeling policies.
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OBJECTIVES: Menu labels displaying food energy in physical activity calorie equivalents (PACE) is a possible strategy to encourage ordering meals with fewer calories and promoting physical activity. Potential effects of such labeling for children have never been examined. METHODS: We conducted a national survey of 1000 parents randomized to 1 of 4 fast food menus: no labels, calories only, calories plus minutes, or calories plus miles needed to walk to burn the calories. Respondents were asked to imagine they were in a fast food restaurant and place an order for their child. At the survey’s conclusion, all respondents were shown a calorie-only label and both PACE labels and asked to rate the likelihood each label would influence them to encourage their child to exercise. RESULTS: We excluded respondents whose meals totaled 0 calories or >4000 calories, leaving 823 parents in the analysis. The mean age of the child for whom the meal was “ordered” was 9.5 years. Parents whose menus displayed no label ordered an average of 1294 calories, whereas those shown calories only, calories plus minutes, or calories plus miles ordered 1066, 1060, and 1099 calories, respectively (P = .0001). Only 20% of parents reported that calories-only labeling would be “very likely” to prompt them to encourage their children to exercise versus 38% for calories plus minutes (P < .0001) and 37% for calories plus miles (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: PACE labeling may influence parents’ decisions on what fast food items to order for their children and encourage them to get their children to exercise.
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MSP430 single-chip microcomputer is now used extensively in the domestic country.For this reason,MSP430 single-chip microcomputer and the traditional MCS-51 single-chip microcomputer are compared in data acquisition application.It is known that MSP430 single-chip microcomputer is simpler and easier than MCS-51 single-chip microcomputer in data acquisition application.It is also pointed out that the basic knowledge of single-chip microcomputer is necessary for using MSP430 single-chip microcomputer to develop data acquisition system,and the developers should select appropriate single-chip microcomputer for their own specific situation.
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To assess the magnitude of malnutrition in a hospital setting and to relate anthropometric measures to the clinical diagnosis of malnutrition.A descriptive study whereby anthropometric measures (length and weight) were taken of every child under the age of five years who was admitted to the hospital. The anthropometric data were analysed using the EPI-Info statistical package, which calculates z-scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age. As reference curve, the reference growth curves of the NCHS were used. Of all the children who were classified as being malnourished, it was recorded if the clinical diagnosis of malnutrition was made at the time of admission or during the hospital stay.Misikhu Mission Hospital, western Kenya.Every child under the age of five years who was admitted to the hospital, was eligible to enter the study. The data of 1130 children were used. The data of 40 other children who were admitted in this period were not complete and could therefore not be used.An overall percentage for malnutrition of 44.3 was found. Only fourteen per cent of the malnourished children were clinically diagnosed as having malnutrition.Anthropometric measures are an easy, but time-consuming way of identifying children with malnutrition, it identifies more children with malnutrition than clinical diagnosis alone. Therefore it should be considered to implement standardised anthropometry in a hospital setting.
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Although common among the hospitalized frail elderly, malnutrition is often unrecognized by clinicians, and its identification is frought with difficulty due to inadequate nutritional assessment methods and standards. This study compared the use of percent ideal body weight (%IBW) and anthropometry in the assessment of malnutrition in the hospitalized frail elderly. Approximately 45% of patients studied had at least two anthropometric measurements below the 5th percentile, a level reflecting severe malnutrition. However, only 28% of patients were found to be less than 90% IBW, a level reflecting only mild to severe changes in body weight. Serum albumin was below normal ( < 35 g/l) in 30% of patients. The total lymphocyte count was below normal ( < 1,500 cells/mm3) in 53%, and was severely depressed ( < 800 cells/mm3) in 24%. Thus, despite the use of stringent anthropometric criteria indicating severe malnutrition, anthropometry appeared more sensitive than %IBW as a measure of malnutrition in the hospitalized frail elderly. Furthermore, acute illness causes changes in commonly employed blood measures which make them unreliable in the assessment of malnutrition in this population. Anthropometry may prove to be the most stable, easily performed, and sensitive measure of malnutrition in the hospitalized frail elderly. However, further studies are clearly needed, including the development of appropriate anthropometric reference standards for the very old, a population that commonly suffers malnutrition.
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