Drugs and visual perception: Effects of LSD, morphine and chlorpromazine on accuracy, bias and speed
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Stimulus (psychology)
Thirty-seven newly admitted schizophrenic patients were treated with an open and flexible dosage of chlorpromazine for 3 months after receiving a test dose. Levels of chlorpromazine, demethylated chlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulfoxide 3 h after the test dose were measured. Twenty-three patients responded to long-term chlorpromazine treatment but 14 did not, a rate of 62.2%. A discriminant function analysis was performed using variables relating to the patients, backgrounds added to the ratios of plasma drug levels separately by sex to increase predictability over the level of previous studies. The obtained equations were applied to 23 newly admitted schizophrenic patients, with the prescription of chlorpromazine for designated responders and haloperidol for designated non-responders for 4 weeks. The patients in the latter study responded better than those of the former with chlorpromazine alone; 71.4 and 88.9% of chlorpromazine- and haloperidol-treated groups improved, respectively, for an overall rate of 78.3%. However, the chlorpromazine-treated group had a lower level of positive symptoms than the haloperidol-treated group before treatment and this and other differences between the groups should be further examined.
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The development of tolerance to dihydromorphinone in mice could be prevented by treatment with chlorpromazine. Under certain conditions analgesic tolerance resulted from treatment with chlorpromazine alone. There was a two-to three-fold increase in the activity of dihydromorphinone-N-demethylase and chlorpromazine-N-demethylase in the livers of mice treated with chlorpromazine. The increase in chlorpromazine-N-demethylase was more rapid in mice kept at 33° than in mice kept at 22°, presumably because chlorpromazine-produced hypothermia interfered with protein synthesis in the liver. Mice showed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of chlorpromazine within 1 or 2 days. Tolerance was not related to increased metabolism of chlorpromazine. Treatment with ethionine blocked the chlorpromazine-induced increase in N-demethylase but did not prevent the development of tolerance. Tolerance developed more slowly at 33° than at 22°.
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Drug tolerance
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AbstractThe author demonstrates how there is a direct and proportional relation between the intensity of the stimulus and the amplitude of the E.R.A., for people with normal hearing as well as for patients with transmission or reception hearing loss. However, when the stimuli are intense in people with normal hearing the amplitude of the E.R.A. diminishes, and in patients who suffer a hearing loss with recruitment, the E.R.A. reaches a greater amplitude than the intensity of the sonorous stimulus used.
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The response to ECT or no ECT at two levels of chlorpromazine was studied in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment on 60 acutely schizophrenic patients hospitalized for a period of 6 weeks. ECT enhanced the therapeutic response at the 300 mg level of chlorpromazine but neither of the ECT chlorpromazine combinations offered any significant therapeutic advantage over 500 mg of chlorpromazine.
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A blink controlled study evaluated the prediction of response to chlorpromazine treatment in 37 schizophrenics on the basis of actual outcomes. Prior to the initiation of treatment, blood samples were taken three hours after a dose of 50 mg of chlorpromazine for the analyses of the drug and its metabolites. The chlorpromazine therapy was then begun and continued for three months. The results agreed with our previous conclusion that patients who showed high levels of the metabolites after a single dose of chlorpromazine tended to have poor clinical improvement with chlorpromazine and that the responders showed the opposite pattern. The predictability of response to chlorpromazine therapy is significantly high in the patients with very low or high levels of the metabolites. However, this is useful at best in 46% of the subjects studied.
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60 schizophrenia patients were treated with electro-acupuncture and chlorpromazine therapy in comparison with chlorpromazine therapy alone, 30 patients for each group, and their curative effects evaluated according to the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). The result showed the total curative effects of the two groups were similar. However, the marked effects appeared earlier in combined therapy than that of using chlorpromazine alone, less chlorpromazine was needed, hence displayed fewer side-effects.
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