A computational resource for the prediction of peptide binding to Indian rhesus macaque MHC class I molecules
Bjoern PetersHuynh‐Hoa BuiJohn SidneyZhiping WengJohn T. LoffredoDavid I. WatkinsBianca R. MothéAlessandro Sette
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Rhesus macaque
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Objective To inspect the blood physiological and biochemiccal of Rhesus macaque and Long-tailed macaque,analyse their basic characters of biological parameters,and set up their routine.Methods Routine methods and instruments were used to determine the blood physiological and biochemical parameters with MEK-5126K(animal CMOS chip)and backman CX5.The hematophysiological indices were determinated in Rhesus macaque and Long-tailed macaque.Results There are significantly difference in AST/ALT between male and female Rhesus macaque,and significantly differece in Eosinophilla、ALP、CK、GGR、CREA between male and female Long-tailed macaque;There are also significantly difference in WBC、MCH、MCHC、Eosinophilla、Monocytosis、ALB、ALB/GLB、AST、AST/ALT、CK、LDH、GGR、CREA between Rhesus macaque and Long-tailed macaque.Conclusion Biological parameters of Rhesus macaque and Long-tailed macaque are established,which could provide basic data for further study.
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We report a case of brain abscess after craniotomy and the placement of a recording chamber for electrophysiologic records in an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) enrolled in visual research. Approximately 2 wk after surgery, the macaque presented with nonspecific gastrointestinal signs and showed no evidence of fever, neurologic deficits, increased intracranial pressure, suggestive alterations in the CBC, or abnormal changes in the recording chamber. The macaque responded to symptomatic and antibiotic treatment and showed no behavioral or abnormal clinical signs for 3 wk before collapsing suddenly. The macaque was euthanized, and pathologic evaluation revealed a large brain abscess immediately under the original craniotomy.
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Nonhuman primates are critical resources for biomedical research. Rhesus macaque is a popularly used laboratory nonhuman primate that share many characteristics with humans. However, rhesus macaques are the natural host of two exogenous retroviruses, SRV (simian type D retrovirus) and STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus). SRV and STLV may introduce potentially significant confounding factors into the study of AIDS model. Moreover, B virus (ceropithecine herpesvirus 1) is likely to harm not only rhesus macaque but also humans in experiments involving rhesus macaque. Yunnan province has large-scale breeding colonies of Chinese rhesus macaque. Therefore there is an urgent need for SPF Chinese rhesus macaque colonies. Here we investigated SRV, STLV and BV infections in 411 Chinese rhesus macaque by PCR technique. The results showed that the prevalence of SRV, STLV and BV among Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony was 19.71% (81/411), 13.38% (55/411) and 23.11% (95/411), respectively. Comparison of viruses infection in different age-groups and male/female of Chinese rhesus macaque was also analyzed. This study will contribute to establishment of SPF Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony.
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Large animal models of implantable hearing devices are needed to assess innovative technologies before using them in humans. The rhesus macaque has cognitive abilities close to humans and has been used in the past but with noncommercial implants or no detailed radiologic descriptions of the surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cochlear implantation in this animal model.We present detailed radiologic data (CT scan and Cone beam computed tomography) from 7 heads of rhesus macaque monkeys coming from autopsy materials. Several comparative measurements were performed with 10 human temporal bones to emphasize similarities and differences between the macaque and the human inner ear. The radiologic analyses helped planning the surgical approach for cochlear implant insertion in the macaque.We managed to perform one full (720 degrees) and 3 partial insertions (190-330 degrees) of cochlear implants in 4 rhesus macaque cochleae, documented by cone beam computed tomography reconstructions. We confirm that the procedure is facilitated in this animal because the cochlea dimensions are close to humans. However, marked differences in the orientation of the external auditory canal and the basal turn must be taken into account. We suggest that the removal of the inferior wall of tympanal bone provides the optimal axis for electrode array insertion.The rhesus macaque monkey is a valid and close-to-human animal model for cochlear implants insertion. Because this species is widely used in both behavioral and physiologic studies, we expect that functional implants can be coupled with electrophysiologic recordings to study the mechanisms of auditory compensation.
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Cochlear Implantation
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Summary Through the production of chimeric animals, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can generate personalized organs with diverse applications for both basic research and translational medicine. This concept was first validated in rodents by forming a rat pancreas in mice and vice versa. However, the potential use of human iPSCs to generate xenogenic organs in other species is technically and ethically difficult. Recognizing these concerns, we explored the generation of chimeric nonhuman primates (NHP) embryos, by injecting either chimpanzee or pig-tailed macaque iPSCs into rhesus macaque embryos. We first derived iPSCs from chimpanzees and pig-tailed macaques. We found that the chimpanzee iPSCs mixed well with human iPSCs during in vitro co-culture and differentiation. The differentiation of mixed human and chimpanzee iPSCs formed functioning cardiomyocyte layers in vitro, whereas human or chimpanzee iPSC mixed with pig-tailed macaque or mouse cells do not; these results indicate that chimpanzee and human cells are closely related in function. Considering the ethical aspects of injecting human iPSCs into nonhuman primate blastocysts, we tested whether chimpanzee iPSCs injected into 99 macaque 5-day-old embryos formed cross-species chimeras two days after injection. Strikingly, the chimpanzee iPSCs survived, proliferated and integrated near the inner cell mass (ICM) of rhesus macaque embryos. These findings highlight the broad potential of primate iPSCs in forming cross-species chimeras beyond rodents and provides a foundational basis for organ generation using human iPSCs.
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Rhesus macaque
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The rhesus macaque is an abundant species of Old World monkeys and a valuable model organism for biomedical research due to its close phylogenetic relationship to humans. Copy number variation is one of the main sources of genomic diversity within and between species and a widely recognized cause of inter-individual differences in disease risk. However, copy number differences among rhesus macaques and between the human and macaque genomes, as well as the relevance of this diversity to research involving this nonhuman primate, remain understudied. Here we present a high-resolution map of sequence copy number for the rhesus macaque genome constructed from a dataset of 198 individuals. Our results show that about one-eighth of the rhesus macaque reference genome is composed of recently duplicated regions, either copy number variable regions or fixed duplications. Comparison with human genomic copy number maps based on previously published data shows that, despite overall similarities in the genome-wide distribution of these regions, there are specific differences at the chromosome level. Some of these create differences in the copy number profile between human disease genes and their rhesus macaque orthologs. Our results highlight the importance of addressing the number of copies of target genes in the design of experiments and cautions against human-centered assumptions in research conducted with model organisms. Overall, we present a genome-wide copy number map from a large sample of rhesus macaque individuals representing an important novel contribution concerning the evolution of copy number in primate genomes.
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Segmental duplication
Low copy number
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Rhesus macaque
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Non human primate
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Abstract The rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) diverged from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. The macaque's genetic and physiological similarity to human is the basis for it becoming the most widely used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. The genome sequence of a female rhesus macaque of Indian origin has been determined and compared with the genome sequences of chimpanzee and human. Those studies have revealed the likely structure of ancestral primate genomes and provided evidence both for positive selection and for the lineage‐specific expansion and contraction of gene families during primate evolution. The complete description of the macaque genome has greatly increased the utility of this animal model for biomedical research at the same time as improving our understanding of the basic biology of this highly successful species of Old World monkey.
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Homo sapiens
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Copy number variants (CNVs) are heritable gains and losses of genomic DNA in normal individuals. While copy number variation is widely studied in humans, our knowledge of CNVs in other mammalian species is more limited. We have designed a custom array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) platform with 385 000 oligonucleotide probes based on the reference genome sequence of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), the most widely studied non-human primate in biomedical research. We used this platform to identify 123 CNVs among 10 unrelated macaque individuals, with 24% of the CNVs observed in multiple individuals. We found that segmental duplications were significantly enriched at macaque CNV loci. We also observed significant overlap between rhesus macaque and human CNVs, suggesting that certain genomic regions are prone to recurrent CNV formation and instability, even across a total of ∼50 million years of primate evolution (∼25 million years in each lineage). Furthermore, for eight of the CNVs that were observed in both humans and macaques, previous human studies have reported a relationship between copy number and gene expression or disease susceptibility. Therefore, the rhesus macaque offers an intriguing, non-human primate outbred model organism with which hypotheses concerning the specific functions of phenotypically relevant human CNVs can be tested.
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Comparative genomic hybridization
Alu element
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