An index approach to assess nitrogen losses to the environment
Jorge A. DelgadoM. J. ShafferChanglu HuRaúl S. LavadoJosé Antonio Cueto‐WongPamela JoosseDavid SotomayorWilfredo ColónR. F. FollettS. DelGrossoX. LiHelena Rimski‐Korsakov
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Nutrient Management
In recent years, contamination of water resources, with pollutants such as nitrate and nitrite, has significantly increased. These compounds can have harmful effects on human health, especially children such as methemoglobinemia. The main objective of this study was to measure the concentration of nitrate and nitrite and its health-risk assessment in the rivers entering Taham dam in Zanjan. USEPA Method was used to assess the health-risk of nitrate and nitrite. According to the obtained results, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite was in the range of 0.51-14.93 mg/l and 0.001-0.061 mg/l, respectively. According to the results, the mean of the CDI for nitrate and nitrite was 9.52*10-2 and 3.63*10-4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Furthermore, the mean HI for nitrate and nitrite was 5.97*10-2 and 3.63*10-3, respectively. The concentration of nitrate and nitrite in rivers was lower than the WHO and Iran guidelines. Based on the results, the HI value in all samples was less than 1 which indicating the non-carcinogenic effects of nitrate and nitrite in these rivers.
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Upon initial nitrate exposure, net nitrate uptake rates in roots of a wide variety of plants accelerate within 6 to 8 hours to substantially greater rates. Effects of solution nitrate concentrations and short pulses of nitrate (
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Enhancing the productivity of crops while reducing the environmental footprint are the major challenges especially for rice farming. Precison farming helps in optimising inputs such as fertilizers and water in tune with crop requirement recognizing the spatial and temporal variabilities within and across field. The precision tools viz. Remote sensing, site specific nutrient management systems, global positioning system (GPS), geographical information system (GIS), variable rate applicator, models and decision support system are used for implementing precision rice farming. The precision nutrient management technology like site specific nutrient management options, using sensors for estimating nutrient content in soil and crop and estimating the spatial variability of nutrients and mapping for variable rate fertiliser application helps in achieving the higher nutrient use efficiency compared to conventional practices. Similarly the precision water management such as sensors for moisture content determination and irrigation scheduling increases the water use efficiency. This paper covers the progress made in PF technologies for nutrient and water management focussing on challenged and opportunities in adoption of these technologies.
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Over and imbalanced fertilization by farmers driven by pursuing high yield results in low fertilizer use efficiency,and therefore influences sustainable utilization of farmland.Thus,develop a new tool to better nutrient management and fertilization which is best suitable for China's agriculture is quite urgent.A new approach based on crop yield responses and agronomic efficiency addresses all such concerns.The principles of nutrient management and fertilizer recommendation was based on improved SSNM and QUEFTS model guided nutrient management,and integrated consideration of balanced fertilization of all plant nutrients.The nutrient management principles were developed to consolidate the complex and knowledge intensive information into simple deliverable computer software named Nutrient Expert enabling local advisors rapidly implements this technology to ensure cost-effectively field specific guidelines for fertilizer recommendations.The software only requires information that can be easily provided by farmers or local expert.The user will get a package guideline on fertilizer management(and more,such as recommended plant density,attainable yield,the right application time suitable for his local condition) that are tailored to his location and locally-available fertilizer sources after answering a set of simple questions.Multiple-site field validation across larger area demonstrated that the easily grasped new approach based on crop yield responses and agronomic efficiency helps in strategizing appropriate management of nutrients leading to better yield and profits,nutrient use efficiency improvement and environmental protection.
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Levels of the nitrate and nitrite content in water sources of Kiev and Cherkassy regions were studied. Highest concentrations of nitrite (1.33 mg N/l) and nitrate (168 mg N/l) were defined in local water sources. Peculiarity of nitrate and nitrite distribution is discussed.
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Most accepted analytical procedures for nitrate in sea water become increasingly unreliable as tho nitrite concentration increases. We have developed an ozonation technique whereby nitrite is quantitatively oxidized to nitrate. In addition, we have formulated an equation to be used with the Mullin‐Riley (1955) reduction method when nitrite and nitrate are both present. This equation, unlike other recommended corrections, is based on demonstrated recoveries from known mixtures of nitrate and nitrite. In the ozone method the amount of nitrate produced is compared with the initial amount of nitrite. The difference in nitrogen, as determined by the two analyses, provides a method for estimating the quantity of nitrate originally present. Both the ozonation and numerical solutions appear particularly suited for studying nitrogen physiology of algal or bacterial cultures. Such studies often require analytical estimates for dissolved nitrate in the presence of high nitrite concentrations.
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