Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram
Rania GhosnLydia Yahia‐CherifLaurent HuguevilleAntoine DucorpsJean-Didier LemaréchalGyörgy ThuróczyRené de SèzeBrahim Selmaoui
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The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human resting EEG with a control of some parameters that are known to affect alpha band, such as electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine. Eyes-open and eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded in 26 healthy young subjects under two conditions: sham exposure and real exposure in double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Spectral power of EEG rhythms was calculated for the alpha band (8–12 Hz). Saliva samples were collected before and after the study. Salivary cortisol and caffeine were assessed by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. The electrode impedance was recorded at the beginning of each run. Compared with the sham session, the exposure session showed a statistically significant ( P < 0.0001) decrease of the alpha band spectral power during closed-eyes condition. This effect persisted in the postexposure session ( P < 0.0001). No significant changes were detected in electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine in the sham session compared with the exposure one. These results suggest that GSM-EMFs of a mobile phone affect the alpha band within spectral power of resting human EEG.Keywords:
Alpha (finance)
Crossover study
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Caffeine is a widely consumed pharmacologically active substance around the world, Caffeine is a purine alkaloid derived from methylxanthine that is readily permeable through the blood-brain barrier and stimulates the adenosine receptors in the brain leading to its central nervous system stimulant activity. Most people regulate their caffeine consumption in accordance with the objective and subjective effects produced from the methylxanthine, However, individual response to caffeine varies greatly from person to person due to the variation in metabolism, age, sex, hormones, clearance, weight, genes, medicine intake and smoking behavior, therefore the amount of caffeine required to achieve the desired effect also varies greatlyand Since that the coffee beans are the world's primary sources of dietary caffeine this study was designed to determine the percent of the caffeine in different commercial coffee brands, the isolated caffeine was identified by different qualitative methods like TLC, and FTIR.
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The influence of collection time on the correlation of caffeine concentrations in saliva and serum was examined in six healthy adults after peroral administration of 5 mg/kg caffeine citrate. Saliva was obtained from three different salivary glands (sublingual, right parotid, and left parotid) and evaluated separately. Caffeine concentrations in saliva and serum samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no differences in the caffeine concentrations in saliva from the three investigated glands (α = 0.05). Saliva samples collected earlier than 2 hours after caffeine intake showed higher caffeine concentrations than could be expected from the corresponding serum samples. Gingiva contamination was shown to be responsible for the higher caffeine concentrations in saliva, and it was concluded that saliva is a feasible matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine. If caffeine is administered orally, saliva samples should be taken at least 2 hours after caffeine intake. If caffeine-containing beverages are used as the source of caffeine or if subjects do not cooperate by rinsing the mouth of caffeine contamination, an additional 60 minutes should be added before saliva sampling.
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Background. Coffee and its metabolite caffeine are widely studied for their health effects but with inconclusive results. Caffeine is particularly difficult to assess, and therefore we explore heterogeneity of caffeine exposure. Methods. We categorized caffeine exposure among 2,478 pregnant women in southern New England during 1996–2000 by the traditional laboratory-based methods of M. Bunker and M. McWilliams. A subsample was examined to ascertain caffeine levels of brewed or purchased beverages actually consumed. Results. More than half (56.6%) of women drank coffee since becoming pregnant. Serving sizes ranged from 2 to 32 oz and are considerably larger than laboratory standards, which are typically 8–10 oz, as compared with the standard of 5 to 6 oz. Conversely, caffeine content per serving of coffee was one-third the laboratory standard, eg, 100 mg caffeine compared with 300 mg for a 10-oz cup. Tea brewed more than 3 minutes contained 42 mg caffeine as compared with the standard of 94 mg. When the amount of caffeine actually consumed was measured, one-quarter (24.8%) of subjects traditionally classified as consuming 300+ gm caffeine daily were reclassified as consuming 150–299 mg. Conclusion. Misclassification of caffeine consumption increases difficulty in identifying health effects from caffeine. Some combination of more precise consumption data and a biomarker such as paraxanthine may more precisely estimate exposure.
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The objectives of this research work are to study the relationship between caffeine concentrations in serum and saliva and the pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeine in ten normal Thai volunteers after drinking 2.5 grams of coffee (equivalent to 86.96 mg of caffeine). Blood and saliva samples were collected at 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 hours, respectively after coffee drinking. Analysis of serum caffeine and saliva caffeine were performed by using HPLC technique. The result showed good correlation between caffeine concentrations in serum and saliva after 1 hour of caffeine administration (r = 0.9196). The mean time to reach peak concentration (T max ) was 1.35 ± 1.00 hours for serum caffeine and 0.65 ± 0.2415 hour for salivary caffeine. The eliminate ion l1a lf-life of caffeine in serum was 7 .4 150 ± 2.1877 hours and in saliva was 9.112 ± 4.287 hours, but there were no statistically significant difference between them. We conclude that saliva sampling could serve as a useful and non-invasive technique for determining the caffeine concentrations instead of blood sampling.
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Present study aimed compared pharmacokinetic profile of sustained-release CaffXtend® capsules (SR-Caffeine) with immediate-release caffeine capsules (IR-Caffeine), and the effect of SR-caffeine on memory, motivation, concentration, and attention. This open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period, two-way crossover oral bioavailability study block randomized (1:1) healthy subjects (N = 15) to receive SR-Caffeine (200 mg) and IR-Caffeine (200 mg). Blood samples were collected at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h in each period. Primary study outcome included comparing relative bioavailability of SR-Caffeine 200 mg and IR-Caffeine 200 mg under fasting conditions, and changes in caffeine research visual analogue scale (Caff-VAS) scores ('relaxed', 'alert', 'jittery', 'tired', 'tense', 'headache', 'overall mood' and 'mentally fatigued') were also evaluated. Fifteen subjects completed the study. Mean tmax was 4.08 ± 2.13h for SR-Caffeine compared to 0.83 ± 0.39h for IR-Caffeine, (p < 0.0001). Similarly, mean t½ was 7.07 ± 3.48h for SR-Caffeine compared to 5.78 ± 2.11h for IR-Caffeine (p = 0.04189). However, total exposure was similar for SR-Caffeine and IR-Caffeine (90% CI: 89.89-120.50% to 94.49-123.82% for geometric least square mean of ln-transformed AUC0-t and AUC0-∞). In the Caff-VAS evaluation, the SR-Caffeine group showed significantly better scores for 'jitteriness', 'tiredness', 'alertness' and 'overall mood' for 8-12 h than the IR-Caffeine group. No adverse events were reported. Results demonstrated sustained release of caffeine over 24 h from SR-Caffeine as compared to IR-Caffeine, which showed significant improvements in the scores for 'relaxed', 'alertness' and 'overall mood' and significantly lower scores for the parameters-'jittery' and 'tired' for extended period.Clinical trial registration: CTRI/2021/06/034185.
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