Isolation and purification of the two main toxaphene congeners in marine organisms
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Toxaphene
Blubber
Blubber
Marine mammal
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Toxaphene
Blubber
Chlordane
Nonylphenol
Electron capture detector
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Environmentally relevant chlorobornanes (CHBs) were measured in blubber samples of harbor (Phoca vitulina), gray (Halichoerus grypus), harp (Phoca groenlandica), and hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) sampled in different part of the St. Lawrence marine ecosystem (SLME) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) sampled in the eastern Canadian Arctic waters. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of six CHBs (Parlar-26, -40/-41, -44, -50, and -62) among the five seal species. Seal species could be separated into three groups based on their respective ΣCHB mean concentrations (±standard error): gray (49 ± 3.9 ng/g lipid weight) and harbor (80 ± 20 ng/g lipid weight) seals were more contaminated than ringed seals (18 ± 7.6 ng/g lipid weight) but less contaminated than harp (370 ± 87 ng/g lipid weight) and hooded (680 ± 310 ng/g lipid weight) seals. These differences are not expected to be related to different sources of toxaphene contamination, since both the SLME and the eastern Canadian Arctic environments are thought to be mainly contaminated via atmospheric transport from the southeastern part of the United States. Thus, biological factors such as sex, age, nutritive condition, metabolism capacity, and diet of the animals collected were considered. Results reported in this study indicated that the diet is likely the main factor accounting for interspecies variations in toxaphene contamination in seals from eastern Canada.
Blubber
Toxaphene
Beluga Whale
Marine mammal
Harbor seal
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Although the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary (TBRE) in coastal Georgia (USA) is severely contaminated by persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), little information regarding POPs in higher-trophic-level biota in this system is available. In the present study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; including DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex), and chlorinated monoterpenes (toxaphene) were measured using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) in blubber of free-ranging and stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Mean total PCBs (78.6 +/- 32.4 microg/g lipid) and toxaphene (11.7 +/- 9.3 microg/g lipid) were significantly higher in dolphins sampled in the TBRE than in dolphins stranded near Savannah (GA, USA) 80 to 100 km to the north. Levels of OCPs were several-fold lower than levels of PCBs; moreover, PCBs comprised 81 and 67% of the total POP burden in TBRE and non-TBRE dolphins, respectively. Analyses with GC-ECNI-MS revealed that 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,9,10-octachlorobornane (P-42a), a major component in technical toxaphene and a major residue congener in local estuarine fish species, was the most abundant chlorobornane in both sets of blubber samples. Mean total POP concentrations (sum of PCBs, OCPs, and toxaphene) approached 100 microg/g lipid for the TBRE animals, well above published total PCB thresholds at which immunosuppresion and/or reproductive anomalies are thought to occur. These results indicate extended utilization of the highly contaminated TBRE as habitat for a group of coastal estuarine dolphins, and they further suggest that these animals may be at risk because of elevated POP concentrations.
Toxaphene
Blubber
Congener
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Cetacea
Biota
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Toxaphene
Blubber
Chlordane
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Heptachlor
Nonylphenol
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Blubber
Chlordane
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Chlordane
Mercury
Cetacea
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Toxaphene
Blubber
Congener
Chlorinated paraffins
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A Cl(7) component of technical toxaphene (CTT), previously detected in marine mammals and fish and referred to as "7-1", was isolated from contaminated estuarine sediment using preparative solid-liquid chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The structure of this compound, elucidated by GC/MS and (1)H NMR, was 2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8,8,10-heptachlorobornane (hereafter referred to as B7-1000). This newly identified CTT eluted in the nonpolar fraction from silica and shares the alternating endo-exo chlorine substitution pattern with other relatively nonpolar, persistent congeners (e.g., B8-1413 and B9-1679). Based on ECNI-MS response, levels of B7-1000 in tissue samples of various higher organisms including humans were as high as 16% of B8-1413. Enantioselective determination of B7-1000 using a modified cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase (beta-BSCD) resulted in enantiomer ratios that were depleted in adipose tissue of a marine bird (skua) and Weddell seal blubber (0.3 and 0.5, respectively), but not in elephant seal blubber (1.1). Elucidation of the structure of B7-1000 thus validates previous predictions of persistence based on structure-activity relationships, chromatographic properties, and molecular modeling.
Blubber
Toxaphene
Polychlorinated biphenyl
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Beluga Whale
Toxaphene
Blubber
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Beluga
Hexachlorobenzene
Capelin
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