Thyroid follicular morphogenesis mechanism: Organ culture of the fetal gland as an experimental approach
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To study the morphological changes of the thyroid gland at different growth stages of pigs,the Large Yorkshire pigs at birth,the body weight of 20,40,80 and 100 kg were slaughtered,the weight,length,width of thyroid glands were measured,the number of proliferated thyroid cells were counted and the expression of thyroid hormone in serum were analyzed.Meanwhile,the thyroid tissue sections were observed,the morphometric indicators of follicular lumen and follicular epithelial cells of thyroid were measured and analyzed by Nikon NIS-Elements Documentation analysis system.The results showed that the number of proliferating thyroid cells,the expression of thyroid hormone,number density of follicle lumen,height of follicular epithelial cells gradually decreased with the growth of pigs;while the sectional area of follicular lumen,equivalent diameter of sectional area of follicular lumen and density of sectional area of follicular lumen gradually increased;and the variation of sectional area of epithelial cell nuclear,equivalent diameter of epithelial cell nuclear and number density of epithelial cell nuclear were not significant through all the growth stages of pigs.Correlation analysis showed that the expression of FT3 in serum was significantly negatively correlated with the thyroid width,and positively correlated with the height of follicular epithelial cells;while the expression of FT4 and TT4 were significantly negatively correlated with the body weight,thyroid weight,length of thyroid,width of thyroid,sectional area of follicular lumen,equivalent diameter of sectional area of follicular lumen,and positively correlated with the height of follicular epithelial cells and number density of epithelial cell nuclear.The morphological measurements provide accurate quantitative data for the in-depth study of structural changes at different growth stages in porcine thyroid.
Lumen (anatomy)
Follicular cell
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The production of Golgi complexes was investigated in Amoeba proteus by introducing a nucleus into cells that had been enucleated for 5 days. Golgi complexes were not detected in 5 day enucleates, nor were they observed in amebae fixed 15 min after renucleation. Samples taken at longer intervals after the introduction of a nucleus exhibited an increase in the size and abundance of Golgi complexes. Small curved smooth cisternae, some of which were aligned in parallel to form small Golgi complexes, were observed 30 min after the operation. Aggregations of small Golgi complexes increased in number in amebae fixed 1 to 6 hr after renucleation. Golgi complexes of normal size were present 6 hr after the operation and became more abundant in samples fixed 12 hr, and 1, 2, and 3 days after renucleation. The possible participation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the development of Golgi complexes was suggested by two observations. First, the Golgi complexes in renucleates contained a dense material similar to the content of the endoplasmic reticulum in enucleates and early renucleates. Second, examples of continuity between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae were present in renucleates. The possibility that Golgi complexes can be produced in the absence of preexisting Golgi complexes is discussed.
Golgi membrane
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The Golgi complex is characterized by its unique morphology of closely apposed flattened cisternae that persists despite the large quantity of lipids and proteins that transit bidirectionally. Whether such a structure is maintained through endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based recycling and auto-organization or whether it depends on a permanent Golgi structure is strongly debated. To further study Golgi maintenance in interphase cells, we developed a method allowing for a drug-free inactivation of Golgi dynamics and function in living cells. After Golgi inactivation, a new Golgi-like structure, containing only certain Golgi markers and newly synthesized cargos, was produced. However, this structure did not acquire a normal Golgi architecture and was unable to ensure a normal trafficking activity. This suggests an integrative model for Golgi maintenance in interphase where the ER is able to autonomously produce Golgi-like structures that need pre-existing Golgi complexes to be organized as morphologically normal and active Golgi elements.
Interphase
COPI
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The Golgi Elements of Mouse Hepatic Cells Examined Refractometrically by Phase Contrast Illumination
Refractometric investigations of the Golgi elements, by phase contrast illumination, were made in the hepatic cells of the white mouse, fixed in Schaffer's and Helly's fluids. Phase negative and phase positive pictures obtained by immersion in media of known RI, beginning with p-xylene (RI=1.4968) and ending with quinoline (RI=1.6161) showed that the Golgi material in the examined cells consisted of the Golgi granules and crenated Golgi rods whose location may form complicated structures similar to the Golgi net. The Golgi elements which occurred in various hepatic cells always varied in number and they differed in size and shape and their location in relation to the nucleus was also different. The Golgi material in binucleated cells is very abundant and usually equally distributed round both nuclei without special preference for either.The changeability in the location, size and shape point out not only to the dynamics of changes going on in the Golgi elements, but they indicate also the possibility of a change in the cells of the Golgi zone or the multipolarity of the zone.The multipolarity of the Golgi zone in hepatic cells is probably closely related to the metabolism of the cells or to the smaller or greater collection of inclusions in them.
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Developmental Biology
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Cell plate
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History of the Golgi Apparatus.- Morphology of the Golgi Apparatus (Architecture/Structure).- Isolation and Subfractionation.- Golgi Apparatus Tubules.- Golgi Apparatus and Membrane Biogenesis.- Golgi Apparatus Function in the Flow-Differentiation of Membranes.- Biochemistry of the Golgi Apparatus.- Golgi Apparatus Function in Secretion.- Golgi Apparatus Replication.- Cell Free Systems for Study of Golgi Apparatus Function.- Golgi Apparatus Function in Growth and Cell Enlargement.- The Golgi Apparatus and Cancer.- The Golgi Apparatus: A Look Ahead
Golgi membrane
Cell plate
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Organelle
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Abstract The study of Golgi structure and function has been greatly facilitated by the purification of this membrane organelle from cellular homogenates. Purified Golgi membranes have been used in a variety of cell‐free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions. Golgi membranes can be purified from cells and tissues using a number of different methods, with liver as a preferred source. Highly purified Golgi stacks can be obtained after two sequential density gradient centrifugations of rat liver homogenate. The relative purity of the prepared Golgi stacks is assessed by measuring the increase in activity of a Golgi enzyme, β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (GalT), over that of the total liver homogenate. A typical preparation can yield milligrams of Golgi membranes that are purified 80‐ to 100‐fold over the homogenate and 60–70% in stacks, which provides abundant material for both structural and functional studies of this organelle. Key Concepts: The Golgi apparatus is an essential membrane‐bound organelle in the centre of the secretory pathway in almost all eukaryotic cells. The primary function of the Golgi is to modify and package proteins and lipids into transport carriers and send them to the proper locations. Golgi can be separated from other membranous organelles by density gradient centrifugation. Glycosyl transferases are used as marker enzymes to monitor the yield and purity of the purified Golgi apparatus during Golgi preparation. Purified Golgi membranes can be used in a variety of cell‐free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions.
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Golgi membrane
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