Uniqueness and how it impacts privacy in health-related social science datasets
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Social scientists, like those performing research at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, may use surveys to gather large amounts of sensitive data. Unlike purely medical-related datasets, these social science datasets tend to be sparse and high-dimensional, which presents opportunities to characterize participants in the dataset in unique ways. These unique characterizations may enable individuals to be linked to external data in ways that have not been previously considered. Therefore, traditional approaches to de-identifying data, such as fulfilling HIPAA requirements, may not be sufficient for preventing the re-identification of participants in large social science datasets.Keywords:
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The concept of privacy concerns is a debated topic both at a European level and in individual countries. In this article, we investigate the role of online privacy literacy (OPL) as a determinant of Internet users' concerns about their privacy. It focuses on Internet users' knowledge about privacy rights and protective strategies, outlining privacy concerns using procedural privacy knowledge and declarative privacy knowledge as measures of privacy literacy. This is examined in relation to users' concerns regarding access to their private information without permission, monitoring/surveillance of their online activities using cookies and other tools without their consent, and the confidentiality of their private data against unauthorized access/disclosing/sharing of the data. A quantitative, survey-based empirical approach was used from a European dataset of an online survey administrated to a sample of 26 526 European Internet users. Contrary to the premise that the adoption of privacy-protective measures results in a reduction of privacy concerns, our findings suggest that Internet users with higher privacy literacy reported increased concerns about their privacy. The survey findings also reveal that an increase in Internet users' knowledge regarding regulations and laws pertaining to personal data protection does not result in fewer concerns about their privacy. Policy implications about privacy literacy and future research recommendations are discussed.
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Concerns with protecting privacy, especially of online data, has been a goal of privacy scholarship for years. Because most data are transferred online, many instruments focus on online environments. However, when privacy is invaded and data mishandled, the consequences, including the emotional ramifications, extend beyond the online space and into the offline world. Thus, we developed the CPIP, a measure of privacy concern. We were able to (1) determine the top four domains for informational privacy and (2) correlate that concern with emotional outcomes showing people with high concerns felt less calm, less at ease, and angrier, after reading prompts about the right to privacy protection. The CPIP predicts who experiences an emotional reaction to a loss of privacy and steps for Internet providers collecting data online to create a better balance for users and their privacy. This alignment (or misalignment) of attitudes and behaviors challenge the privacy paradox.
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The new information and communication technology providers collect increasing amounts of personal data, a lot of which is user generated. Unless use policies are privacy-friendly, this leaves users vulnerable to privacy risks such as exposure through public data visibility or intrusive commercialisation of their data through secondary data use. Due to complex privacy policies, many users of online services unwillingly agree to privacy-intruding practices. To give users more control over their privacy, scholars and regulators have pushed for short, simple, and prominent privacy policies. The premise has been that users will see and comprehend such policies, and then rationally adjust their disclosure behaviour. In this paper, on a use case of social network service site, we show that this premise does not hold. We invited 214 regular Facebook users to join a new fictitious social network. We experimentally manipulated the privacy-friendliness of an unavoidable and simple privacy policy. Half of our participants miscomprehended even this transparent privacy policy. When privacy threats of secondary data use were present, users remembered the policies as more privacy-friendly than they actually were and unwittingly uploaded more data. To mitigate such behavioural pitfalls we present design recommendations to improve the quality of informed consent.
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Privacy and the protection of privacy is a common topic studied by many scholars. From the very beginning of human culture, people have personal privacy, which is not willing for them to be unveiled by others. With the development of information technology, especially the internet, knowledge and information are dealt by internet users in conscious or unconscious way, and personal information has been rapidly and quickly distributed and disseminated all over the world. Personal data can be collected by hackers or interlinks from the website, internet not only provides people an era with internet links, but also an age with information collections, a big data age. With the background of big data, this essay tries to put forward the correlative relationship between the protection of information privacy and the privacy law in Australia. It first has an overview of the concepts of information privacy and data surveillance under the background of big data, then highlights the importance of data security in the age of big data; with a literature review on the development of Australian privacy acts, it further claims that privacy acts or regulations by the federal or states provided strong support for the protection of personal data. Then relationship between the protection information privacy and the need of judicial guarantee is further studied for thorough methods or regimes in data protection. With these points studied, this essay aims to highlight the importance of data protection and information privacy. On the other hand, it aims to provide awareness for readers the vital role privacy laws can play in the protection of people’s personal information and emphases the importance of a continuous evolution for privacy law system in the age of big data.
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Personal privacy in the era of big data involves information privacy, communication privacy, space privacy, and portrait privacy. Currently, personal privacy leaks happen frequently, affecting people's daily life and property safety. In response to the dilemma faced by personal privacy protection, we should actively improve relevant laws and regulations, improve key technologies for personal privacy protection, and enhance individual privacy protection awareness.
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Social Networking Sites (SNS) have been studied extensively over the last 10 years. The area of privacy and security has always been the prominent area of research. With the exponential increase of social networking users the numbers of threats have increased alarmingly; stealing personal information has been the most common threat as the information is later used to carry out subsequent malicious activities. The vulnerabilities are exploited because majority of SNS users are usually unaware of consequences of disclosing personal information over the public forums without proper privacy measures. Unaware users usually choose weak settings and are not mindful regarding posting their personal information online. The users trust their SNS providers for providing necessary security and privacy to their data, this excessive trust and ignorance results in different degrees of privacy violations. Considering the fact that the privacy preferences of users are strongly influenced by cultural and ethnical differences, the following research was conducted to study the privacy concerns of Pakistani users and the privacy problems associated with posting on SNS. It was found that the users are keenly concerned about their privacy however, they are unable to achieve the desired privacy on SNS as a result of the lack of awareness of privacy options, inappropriate settings and the excessive time associated with configuring those settings. Based on the above observations the idea of nudging the user from behavioral science has been proposed to help people make better privacy choices and decisions on online social networks. The proposed model will nudge users while posting by calculating Privacy Score and Accessing Last Modified Privacy Settings for users which will alert users to adjust their privacy settings. The idea of Privacy Nudges will help HCI researchers to build more sophisticated and user friendly Privacy features without getting into lengthy and time consuming details of adjusting privacy settings.
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