Rearrangement of Sperm Surface Antigens prior to Fertilizationa
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During spermiogenesis and epididymal transit, proteins on the sperm surface become localized to specific domains. In at least one case (PH-20), the protein is initially inserted throughout the membrane and subsequently becomes restricted to a domain by some mechanism that has not yet been determined. Other proteins could become localized through localized insertion. The sperm surface is a dynamic structure that is altered even after the spermatozoon leaves the male. In the female reproductive tract the spermatozoa undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction that enables them to fertilize the egg. Both of these processes are accompanied by alterations in protein localization: the PT-1 protein migrates during capacitation, and the PH-20 protein migrates after the acrosome reaction. In addition, an upregulation of the surface expression of PH-20 occurs during the acrosome reaction. This additional PH-20 is incorporated into the plasma membrane by the irreversible fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane. The acrosomal membrane contains PH-20 protein that has been stored there since the formation of the acrosome at the spermatid stage of spermiogenesis. Proteins that are freely diffusing must be maintained in a domain by a mechanism that does not involve immobilization or slowing of protein diffusion. We have suggested that barriers to membrane protein diffusion exist at the equatorial region, the posterior ring, and the annulus and that they are responsible for maintaining a localized distribution of at least some of the surface proteins. The migration of surface proteins could result from an alteration of these barriers, a change in the protein structure so that it can pass through the barrier, or active transport across the barrier. These observed changes in surface expression (localization and the level of expression) may be acting to control surface function post-testicularly.Keywords:
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The annals of literature is a form of literary history.On the road of recording the literature in chronological order in more than 70 years,the annals of literature in Song and Yuan dynasties have made considerable achievements,e.g.The Annals of Literature in Yuan Dynasty,18-volume Chinese Annals of Literature(volume of Song,Liao,Jin;volume of Yuan).The retrospection of composing the annals of literature is bound to offer the reference for the study of the history of literature in the future.
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The writer reviewed the main content of The Annals of Law from The Annals of Sui Dynasty as well as the reference books on the viewpoint of historical origin, and collected six important musical works from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420~589) to Sui Dynasty (581~618) in that Annals.
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The case that Confucius wrote The Spring and Autumn Annals was recorded in a way of stressing the main points and in detail in four sections of Records of the Grand Historian. It is not difficult to find out that to Si Ma- qian's mind The Spring and Autumn Annals written by Confucius is not The Original of the Spring and Autumn Annals , but the Confucius' Records of the Grand Historian, i.e. Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals on condition that we analyze these records with the data concerned. The case of Zuo Qiu - ruing's commenting on The Spring and Autumn Annals can't be found in the records of the Pre - Qin era and have no grounds in the history. It was fabricated by the Confucians in Han Dynasty specially the Gong Yang School and so unbelievable. The textual criticism of The Textual Criticism of the Spring and Autumn Annals can withstand the examine. Its academic value and contribution should be respected and affirmed while the attitude of blindly obliterating them is unreliable.
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The Spring and Autumn Annals has become prominent subject in Song Dynasty. Ou Yangxiu studied the Spring and Autumn Annals from two aspects. On one hand he interpreted the relationship betweenJingandZhuanin forms,on the other hand he applied concretely the Annals in content. Ou Yangxiu's holistical interpretation extended the space of the Spring and Autumn Annals,and inspired the following researches' study.
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Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction On Using This Book A Note on Chronology Weights and Measures List of Abbreviations The Five Emperors, Basic Annals One The Hsia, Basic Annals Two The Yin, Basic Annals Three The Chou, Basic Annals Four The Ch'in, Basic Annals Five The First Emperor of Ch'in, Basic Annals Six Hsiang Yu, Basic Annals Seven Bibliography Index Maps
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There are six prefaces and five writers in the version of the Republic of China 《the New Editorial Kangxian County Annals》.Its contents reflected the writers' historical records view;it insisted on serving the politician and devoted to the historical facts and thought highly of the function of the local annals;it is very important to write and edit the annals it will be better not only to pool the wisdom of the masses but also to divide the work and cooperate;persisting in the strict attitudes and methods of writing and editing annals.
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There are 3 manuscripts of Annals of Wuyang,a District of Longxi,the earliest existing annals of Zhang County.By examining the manuscript carriers,the writers have studied the origins,the editions and the publications of the manuscripts.Also,the titles of the annals are discussed.
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From the establishment of the Xin wen County to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the name and the government site of the county had been changed several times, but no annals had ever been written. As the rulers attached great importance and advocated the comlpiling of local annals in the Kangxi time in the Qing Dynasty, the Annals of Xin wen had been compiled a few times with some editions handing down to the later generations. We do some research on the origin of compiling the Annals of Xin Wen in order to see the flourishing of local annals in the Qing Dynasty.
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