Correlates of maladaptive behavior in children and adults with Prader‐Willi syndrome
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Abstract Four features of maladaptive behavior were examined in 25 children and 61 adults with Prader‐Willi syndrome: age, gender, IQ, and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Among children, older subjects showed increased symptomatology relative to younger subjects, especially in depression and withdrawal. Among adults, maladaptive behaviors seem to show both steady and variable expressions, waxing and waning over time. Boys showed heightened depression relative to girls, findings which were not seen in the adults. No maladaptive behavior differences were found in high vs. low IQ subjects. Thinner adults with lower BMIs had higher maladaptive behavior scores relative to heavier subjects, particularly in internal states involving distressful affect and problems with thinking. Several explanations of these counterintuitive BMI findings are discussed, as is the need for prospective research on maladaptive behavior in children and adults with this syndrome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Keywords:
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For decades, developmental psychologists and educators have emphasized that learning about counterintuitive phenomena may be a critical driving force for cognitive development. Thus far, little is known about the specific content that children seek to enrich their knowledge. Using a novel book-choice paradigm, we directly examine children’s preference to engage with media that contains more mundane vs. more counterintuitive content. Children ranging from 3- to 8-years (N = 174), from the U.S. and Canada, were presented with pairs of books about animals. The two books in each pair were visually identical aside from their printed title. One book in each pair was described as presenting a fact that (according to validation data on children’s and adults’ beliefs in these facts) was relatively intuitive, and the other book was described as presenting a fact that was relatively counterintuitive. The youngest participants (3–4 years) demonstrated no preference in selecting books with intuitive vs. counterintuitive facts about animals, whereas older children (5-years onward) demonstrated an increasing preference for counterintuitive content. Combined with validation data on children’s and adults’ intuitions about the focal facts, these data suggest that children’s preference to seek information that adults deem counterintuitive (at least in the domain of biology) increases with age as a function of changes in the strength of children’s intuitions about what is possible.
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Although children often believe an adult's claims, they may have opportunities to check these claims by gathering relevant empirical evidence themselves. Here, we examine whether children seize such opportunities, especially when the claim is counterintuitive. Chinese preschool and elementary schoolchildren were presented with five different-sized Russian dolls and asked to indicate the heaviest doll. Almost all children selected the biggest doll. Half of the children then heard a false, counterintuitive claim (i.e., smallest = heaviest). The remaining children heard a claim confirming their initial intuition (i.e., biggest = heaviest). Children in both age groups typically endorsed the experimenter's claim even when it was counterintuitive. However, during the experimenter's subsequent absence, elementary schoolchildren explored the dolls more if they had received counterintuitive rather than confirming testimony whereas preschool children rarely explored, no matter what testimony they had received. Thus, with increasing age, children seize opportunities to test counterintuitive claims. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Does Narrative Transportation Facilitate Memory for Counterintuitive Concepts? M. Afzal Upal Leader of Effects & Influence Research Group Defence R & D Canada Toronto Abstract: A series of studies carried out over the last two decades have shown that those people who allow themselves to be immersed in a story are more likely to experience its persuasive effects (Green, Sasota & Jones 2010). A number of studies carried out by cognitive scientists of religion have shown that people better remember counterintuitive ideas embedded in stories (Upal et al. 2007). This paper reports on a study carried out to test the hypothesis that narrative transportation facilitates memory for counterintuitive concepts i.e., more someone is transported into a story, the better memory they will have for counterintuitive concepts embedded in the story. Participants read 3 stories (each containing 6 counterintuitive concepts) with different narrative transportation levels and completed the narrative transportation scale. Responses were coded for recall. The results were mixed with the transportation facilitating recall but only for concepts that were critical to the story plot.
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AbstractSome of the most intriguing science museum exhibits start with a counterintuitive outcome: a result that runs counter to visitors' expectations. Although counterintuitive events often succeed in captivating visitors, they rarely lead to visitor-driven inquiry. I argue that this is primarily due to two factors. First, for the counterintuitive effect to be presented reliably and repeatedly, the visitor's interaction must be limited to a narrow set of options. Without multiple options for visitors to explore, extended inquiry is nearly impossible. Second, counterintuitive outcomes beg the question "why did the outcome occur?". Answering such a "why" question through experimentation alone is too challenging for most visitors; they either leave the exhibit or turn to an explanatory label. In either case, the potential for inquiry is unrealized. Three strategies that both motivate visitor inquiry and allow for open-ended exhibit designs are presented: revealing beautiful aesthetics, supporting creativity, and providing engaging representations.
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Abstract Much experimental evidence shows that minimally counterintuitive concepts, which violate one intuitive ontological expectation of domain-specific natural kinds, are remembered as well as or better than intuitive concepts with no violations of ontological expectations, and much better than maximally counterintuitive concepts with more than one violation of ontological violations (Barrett and Nyhoff, 2001; Boyer and Ramble, 2001; Atran and Norenzayan, 2004; Gonce et al., 2006). It is also well established that concepts rated as high in imagery, (e.g., apple) are recalled better than concepts that are low in imagery (e.g., justice; see Paivio, 1990). We conducted three studies to test whether imagery levels affected recall rates of intuitive, minimally counterintuitive, and maximally counterintuitive concepts. In study 1, we obtained imagery level ratings for 48 three-word items. In study 2, we used the ratings obtained in study 1 in a 2 × 3 recall task in which imagery (high vs. low) was manipulated along with counterintutiveness (intuitive vs. minimally counterintuitive vs. maximally counterintuitive). High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive and maximally counterintuitive items but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Study 3, replicated the findings from study 2 in a 2 × 2 study using a larger number of intuitive and minimally counterintuitive items. In both studies, High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Thus, minimally counterintuitive concepts appear insulated from imagery effects on recall.
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The current study examined how contextual information, defined as information represented at the level of the situation model, influenced memory for minimally and maximally counterintuitive stories. The first two experiments investigated whether the presence of explicit instructions to make sense of “strange information” in the stories influenced memory for maximally counterintuitive stories. Although no such effect was observed, post hoc analyses indicated that maximally counterintuitive stories that support a global inference that integrates the counterintuitive ideas are better recalled compared to stories that do not support such an inference. A third experiment was conducted to directly test the “global-inference” hypothesis. The results from the three experiments highlight the significant role of inferential processing in the integration of counterintuitive ideas, especially for maximally counterintuitive studies.
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Purpose: To explore the issue of counterintuitive data via analysis of a representative case and further discussion of those situations in which the data appear to be inconsistent with current knowledge. Case: 844 postoperative CABG patients, who were extubated within 24 hours of surgery were identified in a critical care database (MIMIC-III). Nurse elicited pain scores were documented throughout their hospital stay on a scale of 0 to 10. Levels were tracked as mean, median, and maximum values, and categorized as no (0/10), mild (1-3), moderate (4-6) and severe pain (7-10). Regression analysis was employed to analyze the relationship between pain scores and outcomes of interest (mortality and hospital LOS). After covariate adjustment, increased levels of pain were found to be associated with lower mortality rates and reduced hospital LOS. Conclusion: These counterintuitive results for post-CABG pain related outcomes have not been previously reported. While not representing strong enough evidence to alter clinical practice, confirmed and reliable results such as these should serve as a research trigger and prompt further studies into unexpected associations between pain and patient outcomes. With the advent of frequent secondary analysis of electronic health records, such counterintuitive data results are likely to become more frequent. We discuss the issue of counterintuitive data in extended fashion, including possible reasons for, and approaches to, this phenomenon.
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Existing concepts can be a major barrier to learning new counterintuitive concepts that contradict pre-existing experience-based beliefs or misleading perceptual cues. When reasoning about counterintuitive concepts, inhibitory control is thought to enable the suppression of incorrect concepts. This study investigated the association between inhibitory control and counterintuitive science and maths reasoning in adolescents (N = 90, 11-15 years). Both response and semantic inhibition were associated with counterintuitive science and maths reasoning, when controlling for age, general cognitive ability, and performance in control science and maths trials. Better response inhibition was associated with longer reaction times in counterintuitive trials, while better semantic inhibition was associated with higher accuracy in counterintuitive trials. This novel finding suggests that different aspects of inhibitory control may offer unique contributions to counterintuitive reasoning during adolescence and provides further support for the hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a role in science and maths reasoning.
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Abstract This article presents empirical evidence for the hypothesis that persons consider counterintuitive representations more likely to be religious than other kinds of beliefs. In three studies the subjects were asked to rate the probable religiousness of various kinds of imaginary beliefs. The results show that counterintuitive representations in general, and counterintuitive representations involving a conscious agent in particular, are considered much more likely to be religious. Counterintuitiveness thus seems to be an important element in a folk-understanding of religion.
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Abstract The present study sought to (1) determine whether Barrett's counterintuitiveness coding and quantifying scheme (CI-Scheme) could be applied to cultural materials with sufficient intercoder reliability, (2) provide evidence concerning just how counterintuitive is too counterintuitive for a concept to be a recurrent cultural idea, and (3) test whether counterintuitive intentional agent concepts are more common in folktales than other classes of counterintuitive concepts. Seventy-three folktales from around the world were sampled from larger collections. Using Barrett's CI-Scheme, two independent coders identified 116 counterintuitive objects and scored them for degree of counterintuitiveness with very high inter-rater concordance. Of folktales, 79% had one or two counterintuitive objects. Of the counterintuitive objects 93% had a counterintuitiveness score of only one. Of counterintuitive objects, 98% were agents. Results suggest the CI-Scheme may have utility for analyzing cultural materials, that the cognitive optimum for cultural transmission falls around one counterintuitive feature, and that counterintuitive agents are more common than other types of counterintuitive objects in folktales.
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