The international cannabis research society and 1994 international symposium on cannabis and the cannabinoids
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Effects of cannabis
Abstract: Investigating the effects of cannabis use on memory function appears challenging. While early observational investigations aimed to elucidate the longer-term effects of cannabis use on memory function in humans, findings remained equivocal and pointed to a pattern of interacting factors impacting on the relationship between cannabis use and memory function, rather than a simple direct effect of cannabis. Only recently, a clearer picture of the chronic and acute effects of cannabis use on memory function has emerged once studies have controlled for potential confounding factors and started to investigate the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the main ingredients in the extract of the cannabis plant in pharmacological challenge experiments. Relatively consistent findings have been reported regarding the acute impairments induced by a single dose of Δ9-THC on verbal and working memory. It is unclear whether they may persist beyond the intoxication state. In the long-term, these impairments seem particularly likely to manifest and may also persist following abstinence if regular and heavy use of cannabis strains high in Δ9-THC is started at an early age. Although still at an early stage, studies that employed advanced neuroimaging techniques have started to model the neural underpinnings of the effects of cannabis use and implicate a network of functional and morphological alterations that may moderate the effects of cannabis on memory function. Future experimental and epidemiological studies that take into consideration individual differences, particularly previous cannabis history and demographic characteristics, but also the precise mixture of the ingredients of the consumed cannabis are necessary to clarify the magnitude and the mechanisms by which cannabis-induced memory impairments occur and to elucidate underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Keywords: cannabis, THC, CBD, memory, neuroimaging, fMRI
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Co-Occurrence of Substance-Related and Other Mental Health Disorders Among Adolescent Cannabis Users
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States and is increasingly being legalized throughout the United States. Many believe that cannabis is relatively harmless, and some believe that cannabis is not addictive. We wondered what the rates of cannabis abuse and dependence might be among adolescents referred for substance use evaluations and also about the incidence of co-occurring psychiatric illnesses and substance use disorders among those individuals.Herein, we analyze intake data from 483 adolescents referred for evaluation at an adolescent substance abuse clinic, with information gleaned from the adolescents and their parents or caregivers.Forty-seven percent of our sample met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) criteria for cannabis dependence and another 32% for cannabis abuse. Among adolescents with cannabis use disorders, the co-occurrence of alcohol and opioid abuse or dependence was high. These individuals also suffered from significant psychiatric comorbidities otherwise.Our results show that cannabis use carries the risk of dependence and also carries with it significant risk of comorbidities, both with respect to other substance use disorders and other psychiatric illness. Given the growing body of research linking cannabis use with addiction and other psychiatric illness, public health efforts ought to center on the potential dangers of cannabis use.
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Abstract. Previous studies show how time perception can be altered by cannabis consumption, but it is not clear yet whether cannabis produces temporal underproductions or overproductions after acute cannabis intoxication. The present study aimed to analyze a sample of 50 regular cannabis users controlling for cannabis strain (sativa, indica, and hybrid) and to compare their scores in a temporal production task before and after consuming cannabis with a control group of 49 nonusers. Results showed that cannabis intake leads to overproductions, suggesting that regular users’ internal tempo slows down after acute intoxication. However, the analyses of main effects showed that indica users, both at baseline levels and after consuming, reported significant underproductions compared to controls, sativa, and hybrid users, and the cannabis-induced effects had a higher magnitude after smoking in the indica-strain group. Results highlight the relevance of including the type of strain consumed in cannabis studies, and they are discussed in terms of short- and long-term alterations in temporal perception under the light of the self-medication theory and the therapeutic uses of cannabis.
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Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests that cannabis use may be associated with antisocial and violent behaviour, raising the question: What brain mechanisms mediate the disinhibiting effects of cannabis on behaviour? Aims/Hypotheses To examine whether an electrocortical measure of affective impulsivity, Go/No Go contingent negative variation, is affected by acute cannabis intoxication. Methods Slow brain potentials were recorded in a Go/No Go noise avoidance task from five habitual cannabis users before, during and after they smoked a cannabis reefer containing 11 mg D‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol. Results Slow brain potentials developed normally in both Go and No Go conditions before and during cannabis smoking but were severely disrupted 20–40 minutes later, coincident with peak intoxication. Cannabis effects on Go/No Go brain activity resembled those reported to occur in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions. Conclusion/Implications Our findings are preliminary, calling for larger‐scale studies, to confirm the present findings and to investigate whether brain responses to cannabis intoxication differentiate those who are predisposed to suffer adverse consequences of cannabis use from those who are not. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Abstract Cannabinoid acids readily decarboxylate to the corresponding cannabinoid. Methods are available for the determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its acids (THCA) and published data on the levels of these compounds in cannabis are summarized. Using gas and liquid chromatography, fresh cannabis (64 samples) and cannabis resin (26 samples) from different countries were examined. Wide variations in the relative amounts of THCA and THC in cannabis were found. For cannabis resin, a wide range of values was also found (0·5: 1 to 6·1: 1), the lower values being in resins from the Indian sub-continent and the higher values in resins from the Mediterranean area. Total THC values were in the range 1·–10·6% in cannabis and 6·0–12·5% in cannabis resin.
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Background. Given increases in cannabis potency and cannabis use in newly legalized markets, it remains critical to examine the effects of cannabis on a variety of health outcomes. However, quantification of cannabinoid exposure remains rare in cannabis research. It is unclear whether biospecimen measures of cannabinoid exposure, such as those derived from hair, are associated with common self-report measures of use and cognitive and mental health outcomes. Methods. 74 near-daily cannabis users with cannabis use disorder self-reported their quantity of cannabis use, cannabis use-related problems, estimated cannabis potency, and mental health outcomes, and completed cognitive tests. Hair samples were provided to quantify Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) using a liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. Results. Cannabinoids were detectable in 95.95% of the hair samples from individuals who tested positive on a urine screen for cannabis. Hair-derived Δ9-THC concentrations were positively associated with several measures of self-reported potency (relative potency, potency category, and perceived ‘high’) although Δ9-THC, CBD, or CBN concentrations or THC/CBD ratio were not associated with self-reported quantity of use. Furthermore, self-reported THC percentage (category) and potency (category), but not cannabinoid concentrations, were associated with withdrawal and craving respectively. Self-reported measures of quantity of cannabis use (gram/week), but not cannabinoid concentrations, were associated with cannabis use related problems. Mental health problems were associated with self-reported cannabis use-related problems and withdrawal only. Looking at cognitive outcomes, only a small negative association between a measure of cannabis use related problems and estimated IQ was observed. Conclusions. The use of hair-derived cannabinoid quantification is supported for detecting cannabis use in near-daily users. However, the general lack of associations between hair-derived cannabinoid concentrations and commonly used self-report measures does not support the use of hair analyses for quantifying cumulative cannabinoid exposure at this time. Further research comparing hair-derived cannabinoid concentrations with other biological matrices (e.g. plasma) and self-report is necessary to further evaluate the validity of hair analyses for this purpose. The importance of accurately quantifying cannabinoid exposure in research into the effects of cannabis cannot be overstated given newly permissive legal environments and uptick in use.
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Cannabis has been shown to cause structural and functional neurocognitive changes in heavy users. Cannabis use initiation aligns with brain development trajectories; therefore, it is imperative that the potential neurological implications of cannabis use are understood. Males and females reach neurodevelopmental milestones at different rates making it necessary to consider biological sex in all cannabis and brain-based research. Through use of a systamatic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we aimed to understand the interaction between biological sex and cannabis use on brain-based markers. In total, 18 articles containing a sex-based analysis of cannabis users were identified. While the majority of studies (
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Previous studies show how time perception can be altered by cannabis consumption, but it is not clear yet whether cannabis produces temporal underproductions or overproductions after acute cannabis intoxication. The present study aimed to analyze a sample of 50 regular cannabis users controlling for cannabis strain (sativa, indica, and hybrid) and to compare their scores in a temporal production task before and after consuming cannabis with a control group of 49 non-users. Results showed that cannabis intake leads to overproductions, suggesting that regular users’ internal tempo slows down after acute intoxication. However, the analyses of main effects showed that indica users, both at baseline levels and after consuming, reported significant underproductions compared to controls, sativa, and hybrid users, and the cannabis-induced effects had a higher magnitude after smoking in the indica-strain group. Results highlight the relevance of including the type of strain consumed in cannabis studies and they are discussed in terms of short- and long-term alterations in temporal perception under the light of the self-medication theory and the therapeutic uses of cannabis.
Effects of cannabis
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Time perception
Strain (injury)
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Differential effects
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Tetrahydrocannabinol
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Cannabis Dependence
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Dronabinol
Effects of cannabis
Cannabinol
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