Association of VNTR polymorphisms in the MAOA promoter and DRD4 exon 3 with heroin dependence in male Chinese addicts
19
Citation
54
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Objective. To explore the involvement of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) promoter and exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in heroin addiction modulate the vulnerability of individuals to heroin addiction. Methods. Eight hundred and ninety-four male heroin addicts without other psychiatric disorders, were recruited as subjects. Another community 180 males were selected randomly as controls. Results. The geno-distribution of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism in controls was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWEχ2=0.925), but the distribution in heroin addicts was not (HWEχ2=28.35). The long-repeat alleles of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism were found more frequently in the heroin addicts (P=0.019). However, the long-repeat alleles of the MAOA promoter VNTR polymorphism were not (P=0.828). No interaction between these two VNTR polymorphisms was found by using multiple logistic regression analysis (P=0.261). Conclusion. The long-repeat allelic variants (>4-repeats) and 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism might be risk alleles for individual vulnerability to heroin addiction in Chinese men, but the MAOA promoter VNTR polymorphism does not mean that the partial dominant inherited mode might involved in the genetics of heroin dependence.Keywords:
Monoamine oxidase A
Concerted evolution
Cite
Citations (3)
Variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) may evolve so rapidly that multiple profiles emerge during an outbreak. A total of 190 isolates from eight Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium outbreaks and 15 isolates from seven patients were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and VNTR typing. Small changes in loci were noted; otherwise, the VNTR profiles were stable during the course of the outbreaks.
Salmonella enterica
Cite
Citations (46)
Direct repeat
Repeated sequence
Cite
Citations (7)
Direct repeat
Repeated sequence
genomic DNA
Minisatellite
Cite
Citations (1)
Abstract The standard slipped-strand mispairing (SSM) model for the formation of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) proposes that a few tandem repeats, produced by chance mutations, provide the “raw material” for VNTR expansion. However, this model is unlikely to explain the formation of VNTRs with long motifs (e.g., minisatellites), because the likelihood of a tandem repeat forming by chance decreases rapidly as the length of the repeat motif increases. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the birth of a mitochondrial (mt) DNA minisatellite in guppies suggests that VNTRs with long motifs can form as a consequence of SSM at noncontiguous repeats. VNTRs formed in this manner have motifs longer than the noncontiguous repeat originally formed by chance and are flanked by one unit of the original, noncontiguous repeat. SSM at noncontiguous repeats can therefore explain the birth of VNTRs with long motifs and the “imperfect” or “short direct” repeats frequently observed adjacent to both mtDNA and nuclear VNTRs.
Minisatellite
Direct repeat
Repeated sequence
Cite
Citations (36)
Little is known about DNA tandem repeats across prokaryotes. We have recently described an enigmatic group of tandem repeats in bacterial genomes with a constant repeat size but variable sequence. These findings strongly suggest that tandem repeat size in some bacteria is under strong selective constraints. Here, we extend these studies and describe tandem repeats in a large set of Bacillus. Some species have very few repeats, while other species have a large number. Most tandem repeats have repeats with a constant size (either 52 or 20–21 nt), but a variable sequence. We characterize in detail these intriguing tandem repeats. Individual species have several families of tandem repeats with the same repeat length and different sequence. This result is in strong contrast with eukaryotes, where tandem repeats of many sizes are found in any species. We discuss the possibility that they are transcribed as small RNA molecules. They may also be involved in the stabilization of the nucleoid through interaction with proteins. We also show that the distribution of tandem repeats in different species has a taxonomic significance. The data we present for all tandem repeats and their families in these bacterial species will be useful for further genomic studies.
Direct repeat
Repeated sequence
Cite
Citations (3)
Monoamine oxidase A
Cite
Citations (18)
Gao, J., Jiang, Z.-R., Liu, X., Zhao, Y.-H., Huang, L., Peng, H.-J., Zedan, D., Jin, S.-Y. and Zheng, Y.-C. 2014. Comparison of MUC1 variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms in three yak breeds/populations. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 411-416. The objective of this study was to compare the MUC1 variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms with adjacent distribution regions in three yak (Bos grunniens) breeds/populations. A total of 215 yaks of three yak breeds/populations (Maiwa yak breed, Jiulong yak breed and Changtai yak population) were surveyed by the polymorphisms of Mucin 1 gene (MUC1). Six MUC1 alleles (B, C, D, F, G and H) forming 16 genotypes were identified. Cloning and sequencing of these alleles demonstrated that they differed in the numbers of variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) units ranging from 14 to 20, and allele H (14 VNTR units) was a new allele in yaks and observed only in Maiwa yak with a very low frequency. Cluster analysis based on MUC1 polymorphisms suggested that Changtai yak pop...
YAK
MUC1
Cite
Citations (0)
Objective To study whether the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism has been present in the aggrecan gene and its distribution in 133 Han Chinese in southern China. Methods The distribution of the polymorphisms of the aggrecan gene was detected by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 77 male and 56 female Han Chinese aged 18 to 90 yreas. Results Eight tandem repeats of the aggrecan gene in different length were detectable in these 133 subjects. The moderate-length tandem repeats were more common, allele 27 accounting for 48.49%, allele 28 27.44%, and allele 26 12.03%; while the short or long tandem repeats were less, allele13 being 0.4%, allele 22 4.14%, allele 25 4.89%, allele 29 1.13%, and allele 32 1.88%. Conclusion The variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism is present in the aggrecan gene in Han Chinese in southern China. The moderate-length tandem repeats are present more frequently while less short or long tandem repeats occur.
Aggrecan
Cite
Citations (0)