Effect of small temperature variations on the tensile behaviourof Ti-6Al-4V
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Abstract:
Although the effect of high and low temperatures on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4 V has already been extensively studied, extreme temperatures are usually considered in these investigations. Instead, the present work focuses on a range of temperatures not far from room conditions. This particular range of temperatures is important not only because it is commonly found in service, but also because it corresponds with the temperatures reached by plastic work heating when the material is plastically deformed. Isothermal tensile tests show that relatively low temperatures (of less than 100 °C) already have a non-negligible effect on the plastic flow of the material. Numerical simulations of the heat generation in the test samples and the heat transfer to the surrounding environment show that there is a significant temperature increment in samples loaded at low strain rates. As is confirmed by experiments at these speeds, thermal softening, together with the strain rate effect, is playing an important role, even at strain rates at which isothermal conditions are often assumed. Finally, the suitability of the Johnson-Cook plasticity model to describe the observedbehaviouris discussed.Keywords:
Isothermal process
Atmospheric temperature range
Strain (injury)
Tensile testing
Cell structure
Cell size
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Abstract The softening rates of ‘Rome’ apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.) from 10 West Virginia orchards stored at two temperatures were compared in 1974, 1976, and 1978. The rate of softening at 20°C declined with time after harvest, and delaying harvest reduced the rate of softening at 20° but had little effect on softening at 0°. Site had little effect on rate of softening. In two of the three years, the rate of softening at 0° was found to be correlated with firmness at harvest and softening at 20°. Regression analysis provided formulas that can be used to predict softening rate in refrigerated air storage at 0° from firmness data at harvest.
Malus
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The influence of the deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress and microstructure was investigated by means of the constant strain rate isothermal compression experiment.The range of deformation temperature and strain rate of LD11 alloy in isothermal deformation was determined for the basis of the technique in isothermal deformation.
Isothermal process
Flow stress
Strain (injury)
Atmospheric temperature range
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Softening of the flesh is one of the most dramatic changes accompanying the ripening of many fruits. Although other parameters of quality are important, the peak of fruit ripeness is usually associated with a fairly narrow range of firmness. Furthermore, texture that is considered optimal for fruit consumed fresh may not be best for fruit that is processed. Softening undoubtedly reflects changes in cell walls of fruit tissues as the fruit progresses through ripening into senescence. Once the process is initiated in mature fruit, the period of acceptable texture may be short, even with refrigeration and controlled atmosphere storage. A prerequisite to improved methods of controlling softening, whether to initiate and accelerate it or to prevent softening beyond the optimum stage, is an understanding of cell wall structure, its changes, and the enzymes involved in its degradation. I. Histology of Fleshy Fruits. Appreciation of the biochemical aspects of fruit softening
Ripeness
Flesh
Texture (cosmology)
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We provide a modeling method of strain rate dependent material which derived from force-displacement relationships for strain rates measured by high speed tensile tests. The strain dependent material model consists of a stress-strain rate relationship in low strain rate, a stress-strain rate elationship in high strain rate and a stress-strain relationship in large strain. To evaluate the modeling method, high speed tensile tests, the material modeling with test result and simulations of high speed tensile test with the material model were carried out. Then it found that the force-displacement relationships of analysis match to those of tests.
Strain (injury)
Tensile testing
Stress–strain curve
Tensile strain
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Indentation
Characterization
Plasticity theory
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This paper is concerned with the dynamic material properties of stainless steels. The effects of strain rate on dynamic flow stress, work hardening characteristics, strain rate sensitivity and elongation to the failure are evaluated under wide range of strain rate. Strain rate effects on the material properties are also investigated. Tensile tests are conducted with 5 kinds of stainless steels; SA-B193 B7, SA-182 F304, SA-350 LF3, SA-240 316L, SUS304. Tensile tests have been performed with the variation of strain rate from 0.001/sec to 100/sec. Quasi-static tensile tests are conducted with INSTRON tensile test machine. Tensile tests at the strain rate of 0.1/sec~100/esc are performed with HSMTM(high speed material testing machine).
Tensile testing
Universal testing machine
Elongation
Work hardening
Strain hardening exponent
Strain (injury)
Flow stress
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Flesh
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Isothermal annealing of cold-worked nickel produces softening which initially occurs exponentially but which is followed by a sigmoidal stage. A theory of isothermal softening behaviour, based upon polygonization of subgrains, is presented.
Isothermal process
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The changes of cell wall structure,composition and hydrolytic enzymes in fruit softening process are summarized in the present paper.In most cases,the occurrence of fruit softening is due to the degradation caused by polygalacturonase,cellulase,pectinmethylesterase,β-galactosidase.The degradation will lead to the changes of cell wall structure and composition,and in the end the fruit softening occurs.The other research results show that the other factors are also involved in the fruit softening process,and thus it is very important to intensify the physiology and biochemical study referring to fruit softening.
Degradation
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