Mandibular Branch of the Facial Nerve in Wistar Rats: New Experimental Model to Assess Facial Nerve Regeneration
Ricardo Ferreira BentoRaquel SalomoneRicardo de Souza Alves FerreiraCiro SilvaHeloísa Albuquerque CostaSilvia Nascimento
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Introduction The ideal animal model for nerve regeneration studies is the object of controversy, because all models described by the literature have advantages and disadvantages. Objective To describe the histologic and functional patterns of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of Wistar rats to create a new experimental model of facial nerve regeneration. Methods Forty-two male rats were submitted to a nerve conduction test of the mandibular branch to obtain the compound muscle action potential. Twelve of these rats had the mandibular branch surgically removed and submitted to histologic analysis (number, partial density, and axonal diameter) of the proximal and distal segments. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the functional and histologic variables studied. Conclusion These new histologic and functional standards of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats establish an objective, easy, and greatly reproducible model for future facial nerve regeneration studies.Cite
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Seperti pada dewasa, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik kini makin popular digunakan oleh ahli anestesikarena keuntungannya. Namun demikian selalu ada risiko dan kemungkinan timbulnya komplikasi dari setiap tindakan yang dilakukan, termasuk tindakan anestesi regional pada pediatrik. Insidensi komplikasi anestesi regional pada pediatrik tidak banyak, dan kalaupun terjadi komplikasi adalah minor. Komplikasi bisa diakibatkan dari identifikasi ruang saraf, alat, obat, teknis tindakan anestesi regionalnya dan komplikasi lainnya.Walaupun tidak banyak kejadian komplikasi regional anestesi yang dilaporkan pada pediatrik, dan bukanlah komplikasi yang fatal, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik harus dilakukan dengan lebih hatihati, pertimbangan risiko dan keuntungannya untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi, terlebih karena kebanyakan komplikasi dapat dihindari dengan mempelajari teknik yang benar, menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai, dan sangat menerapkan prinsip keamanan pada pasien dengan baik.
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Genentech is partnering with the German cancer company Affimed to develop immunotherapies for multiple kinds of solid and blood cancers. Affimed is developing therapies that engage natural killer cells of the innate immune system to help direct them to attack cancer cells. Genentech will pay Affimed $96 million up front and up to $5 billion more in potential payments.
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Objective To study the anatomy features and the location of the facial nerve during the temporal approaches.Methods The mastoidotympanectomy,the facial recess approaches,the facial nerve decompression,the middle cranial fossa approach and the infrelabyrine approach were simulated on 15 adult cadaveric specimens(30 sides).The topographical features and the relationship of facial nerve with the surrounding structures were explored.30 dry temporal bones were cut along the facial canal,for exploring the relationship of the facial canal and the surrounding structures.Results(1) The distance from the vertical part of the facial nerve to the glomus was about(3.58±1.33)mm,and to the sigmoid sinus(6.42±2.65)mm.(2) The air cells of lateral facial recess was found in 26 cases(86.67%),which is helpful for locating the facial recess and the facial nerve.(3) The lateral lap of the facial nerve was under the point between the posterior and middle 1/3 of the lateral semicircular canal about(1.70±0.33)mm.The vertical line connected this point to the anterior extremity of the conker's crista represented the vertical part of the facial nerve.(4) Geniculate ganglion located anteriorly to the cochleariform process about(2.48±0.23)mm.(5) The fundus of internal acoustic meatus was in the anterior aspect of the lateral point of the eminence of superior semicircular.The ramus lacrimales nervi petrosi superficialis majoris was the convenient signal for locating the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve.Conclusions It is valuable for locating the facial nerve through its relationship with the surrounding structures,the topography and the features of substantia ossea surrounding the facial nerve,during the temporal approach.
Facial canal
Sigmoid sinus
Geniculate ganglion
Middle cranial fossa
Cadaveric spasm
Mastoid process
Meatus
Posterior Semicircular Canal
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