Domain Wall Engineering in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Crystals
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Abstract:
For [111] poled barium titanate (BaTiO3) single crystals, piezoelectric properties increased with decreasing domain sizes. To explain the phenomenon, the multidomain crystals were regarded as composite of (a) a distorted 90° domain wall region with ultrahigh piezoelectric property and (b) a normal tetragonal domain region. This model suggested that the d 31 of the lead-free piezoelectric crystals with domain sizes below 1 μ m can be over 1,000 pC/N. Thus, to induce the finer engineered domain configurations, a patterning electrode was used. As the results, the domain size of 3 μm was successfully induced, and the d31 was obtained at −243.2 pC/N.Keywords:
Tetragonal crystal system
Barium titanate
Domain wall (magnetism)
Domain engineering
Single domain
We describe the field induced depinning process of a magnetic domain wall (DW) from a single bidimensional nanometric defect. The DW propagates in a wire lithographed on a film with strong perpendicular anisotropy. We observe a statistical distribution of the relaxation time consistent with a Néel-Brown picture of magnetization reversal. This indicates that the nanometric DW can be considered as an ideal monodomain particle switching over a single energy barrier. Such a stochastic character of DW depinning has to be taken into account for spintronic applications.
Domain wall (magnetism)
Single domain
Micromagnetics
Magnetization reversal
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Domain wall (magnetism)
Single domain
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Domain wall (magnetism)
Single domain
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Tetragonal crystal system
Barium titanate
Barium
Lattice (music)
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Magnetization reversal process and the critical diameter dc for single and multidomain of Co∕Pt multilayer dot were investigated by detecting anomalous Hall effect of a single dot with diameter d ranging from 100to1000nm. The perpendicular anisotropy constant Ku was varied from 1.3×107to2.6×107erg∕cc by changing the Co layer thickness. The dominant magnetization process for the dots with d⩾1000nm was domain wall displacement, while nucleation of a reversed embryo governed the reversals in the dots smaller than 500nm. The dc for stable single domain increases with Ku from 150nm to larger than 1000nm. This behavior is mainly due to the increase of domain wall energy owing to the increase of Ku, and the dc coincides very well with the domain size of continuous films.
Domain wall (magnetism)
Single domain
Anisotropy energy
Hysteresis
Magnetization reversal
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The optical dielectric constants and the anisotropy of tetragonal barium titanate were calculated by assuming spherical symmetry for the electron clouds of its constituent atoms. An analogous calculation was carried out for lead titanate. The calculated birefringences are positive in both crystals, in contrast to the observed ones. The results are discussed.
Tetragonal crystal system
Barium titanate
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Tetragonal crystal system
Barium titanate
Single domain
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The ferromagnetic domain structure was studied in 3% Si-Fe single crystals during magnetization using the longitudinal Kerr effect and high speed cinematography. Large and variable wall spacings were observed during 60 Hz magnetization with no evidence of wall bowing in a crystal with perfect
Domain wall (magnetism)
Bowing
Single domain
Micromagnetics
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The dependence of saturation magnetization and uniaxial anisotropy constant on current-induced domain wall motion in a magnetic nanowire with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was analyzed through micromagnetic simulation. The results indicated that the critical current density linearly decreased by reducing the saturation magnetization. Even if the domain wall width was changed by the uniaxial anisotropy constant, the domain wall width did not influence the critical current density since the increase in the domain wall width anisotropy constant caused an increase in the effective wall anisotropy. It was revealed that the decrease in the saturation magnetization was the dominant factor in reducing the critical current density.
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Saturation (graph theory)
Single domain
Micromagnetics
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We have used polarized light metallography to study magnetic domain configurations in Co5Sm, Co5Y, Co5Ce, and Co5Pr as a function of crystal thickness. From measurements of equilibrium domain widths on thin crystals, we estimate the domain-wall energy in these compounds to be 85, 35, 25, and 40 erg/cm2, respectively. From surface domain observations on bulk crystals, we have also made crude estimates of wall energy for Co5Nd, Co5La, and Co5Gd. From these wall energies and published anisotropy constants, we have calculated exchange constants, domain-wall thicknesses, and critical single-domain particle sizes. We find this critical particle size to be larger for Co5Sm and Co5Gd than for the other compounds, and suggest that this may partly explain why high coercive forces are more easily attained in powders of these two compounds.
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Single domain
Particle (ecology)
Crystal (programming language)
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