Trends of the effective dose distribution of occupational exposures in medical and research departments for KIRAMS in Republic of Korea
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This work proposes the basic reference data of occupational dose management and statistical dose distribution with the classification of radiation work groups though analysis of occupational dose distribution. Data on occupational radiation exposure from medical and scientific usage of radiation in Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences for the years 2002-11 are presented and evaluated with the characteristic tendency of radiation working groups. The results of occupational radiation exposure were measured by personal dosemeters. The monitored occupational exposure dose data were evaluated according to the average effective dose and collective dose. The most annual average effective dose for all occupational radiation workers was under 1 mSv. Considering the dose distribution of each department, most overexposure workers worked in radiopharmaceutical product facilities, nuclear medicine department and radiation oncology department. In addition, no monitored workers were found to have received an occupational exposure over 50 mSv in single year or 100 mSv in this period. Although the trend of occupational exposure was controlled <1 mSv after 2007 and the radiation protection status was sufficient, it was consistently necessary to optimise and reduce the occupational radiation exposure.Keywords:
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[Objective] To understand the individual dose level of occupational external exposure of medical radiation workers in Heping District of Tianjin,establish the personal dose profile,strengthen the management of radiation protection,and ensure the health of radiation workers.[Methods]The individual dose level of radiation exposure workers in Heping district of Tianjin was detected by thermoluminescence dosimetry method.The monitoring results of 1 232 person/time from 2009 to 2011 were statistically analyzed according to different years,different work types and different dose groups.[Results]During 2009-2011,the total collective dose equivalent was 807.8 mSv per capita,the per capita annual dose equivalent was 0.656 mSv/a,and radiation exposure workers whose annual dose was less than 5 mSv accounted for 97.40%.Among different work types,the per capita annual dose equivalent of interventional radiology workers was the highest(1.479 mSv/a),followed by medical diagnostic X-ray workers,and that of the nuclear medicine workers was the lowest.[Conclusion]Most of radiation workers have low individual dose level in Heping district Tianjin,the working conditions and environment are basically in accordance with the requirements.However,the monitoring results of individual dose level in some radiation workers,especially clinical interventional radiology,have exceeded the standard limit.It is important to pay attention to the high individual dose level among clinical interventional radiology workers,strengthen the radiation protection management,and reduce the levels of individual dose.
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Medical workers constitute the largest group of individuals occupationally exposed to radiation, and their collective dose equivalent is exceeded only by persons employed in the nuclear fuel cycle. Although medical workers have increased in number by about 50% over the past two decades, their collective dose has steadily declined. Factors that contribute to changes in the exposure patterns of medical workers include variations in demand for medical imaging procedures, changes in the way these procedures are administered to patients, and development of devices that utilize radiation more efficiently and display radiation-derived information more effectively. Trends such as the movement of imaging procedures into nonradiologic disciplines and nonhospital settings, and the imposition of economic and legal considerations into decisions about patient management and health care, may also ultimately affect the exposure of medical workers to radiation.
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The collective effective doses to the population from X-ray and nuclear medicine (NM) examinations in Finland in 2008 and 2009, respectively, were estimated. The estimated collective effective dose per inhabitant was 0.45 mSv from X-ray examinations and 0.03 mSv from NM examinations. The collective effective doses per inhabitant have not changed substantially during the last 10 y. However, proportional dose due to CT examinations has increased from 50 % in 2005 to 58 % in 2009 of the total collective effective dose from all X-ray examinations and proportional dose of PET examinations from 7 to 13 % of the total collective effective dose from NM examinations. The collective effective dose from conventional plain radiography was over 20 % higher when estimated using the new (ICRP 103) tissue weighting factors than that obtained using the old (ICRP 60) tissue weighting factors.
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Computed Tomography (CT) examinations have rapidly increased in number over the last few years due to recent advances such as the spiral, multidetector-row, CT fluoroscopy and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CT technology. This has resulted in a large increase in collective radiation dose as reported by many international organisations. It is also stated that frequently, image quality in CT exceeds the level required for confident diagnosis. This inevitably results in patient radiation doses that are higher than actually required, as also stressed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the CT exposure of paediatric and small adult patients. However, the wide range in exposure parameters reported, as well as the different CT applications reveal the difficulty in standardising CT procedures. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic CT principles, outline the recent technological advances and their impact in patient radiation dose and finally suggest methods of radiation dose optimisation.
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1735 Objectives As part of support of the Image Wisely Initiative, the SNMMI urges nuclear medicine providers to optimize studies to obtain the best image quality with the lowest radiation dose. The imaging community is poorly informed on radiation dose used in current practice. The aim of this study was to determine geographic patterns associated with elevated radiation dose for myocardial perfusion imaging in the United States. Methods Reports from 612 facilities applying for accreditation in 2012 by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) were evaluated. Three to five reports from each facility were used to determine the total administered radiation dose per US Census defined region (Northeast, South, Midwest and West) and state. States were also ranked based on average effective radiation dose. States with average administered dose ≥ 20 mSv were compared to obesity prevalence by state. The percent of doses ≥ 20 mSv was determined. Results 2992 patient reports were reviewed. There was a significant association (p=.008) between geographic area and frequency of use of radiation dose ≥ 20 mSv with the West (14.8%) and South (13.8%) having the highest percentage. Facilities in the Northeast (6.9%) and Midwest (4.0%) have a lower frequency of doses ≥ 20 mSv. Alabama, Missouri and Georgia had the highest average effective radiation dose ≥ 20 mSv. Kentucky, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania demonstrated lowest average effective radiation dose of ≤ 13 mSv. For states demonstrating an average radiation dose ≥ 20 mSv, there was no correlation between percentage of doses >20 mSv and prevalence of obesity. Conclusions There is considerable geographic variance in average effective radiation dose. States in the West and South had a significantly higher percentage of doses ≥ 20 mSv, but there was no correlation with obesity and thus no apparent reason for increased regional radiation dose.
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Abstract Contemporary collective effective doses to the population from x-ray and nuclear medicine examinations in Finland in 2018 was estimated. The estimated effective dose per caput from x-ray examinations increased from year 2008 to 2018 respectively from 0.45 mSv to 0.72 mSv and from nuclear medicine examinations from 0.03 mSv to 0.04 mSv. The proportional dose due to CT examinations of the total collective effective dose from all x-ray examinations increased from 58% in 2008 to 70% in 2018 and the dose did not change substantially in total when new conversion factors were applied. The collective effective dose from conventional plain radiography did not change substantially during the last ten years while the new (ICRP 103) tissue weighting factors were taken into use in 2018, however frequencies of examinations in total decreased. The collective effective dose from CT in nuclear medicine tripled between 2009 and 2018.
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