The insect gut: A new source of ecdysiotropic peptides
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Gypsy moth
Lymantria dispar
Prothoracic gland
Ostrinia
European corn borer
Lymantria dispar
Gypsy moth
Dispar
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Ostrinia
European corn borer
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Michigan's infestation of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, extends over 600,000 acres, First discovered in Michigan in the 19505, gypsy moth was reportedly eradicated through the use of DDT then reintroduced in the 1970s, Substantial circumstantial biological evidence, however, points to the probability that gypsy moth has resided continuously in Michigan for over 30 years, Environmental factors may be largely responsible for containing Michigan's gypsy moth popUlations,
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This datasheet on Lymantria dispar asiatica covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
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The European strain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) was accidentally introduced to North America over 100 years ago and despite its explosive population growth there, the species still only occupies less than 1/3 of its potential range.While this slow rate of spread can be attributed in part to the limited dispersal capacities of this strain, its constrained distribution mainly reflects the success of efforts to limit range expansion of this species.Currently, two major area-wide programmes are operated to limit the spread of the gypsy moth in the USA, in addition to a third programme that suppresses gypsy moth outbreaks in the infested areas.The detection / eradication programme is led by the United States Department of Agriculture -Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) in cooperation with state governments and utilizes networks of pheromone traps to detect newly invaded populations of the gypsy moth in the uninfested portions of the USA.Over the last decades, hundreds of isolated populations have been detected and eradicated.Most eradication treatments in the USA are conducted using aerial sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis.The USDA Forest Service also operates another area-wide programme entitled "Slow the Spread" (STS) in cooperation with state agencies that operates at the edge of the generally infested area and aims to slow the gypsy moth's spread.This programme also uses grids of pheromone traps to locate isolated populations, which are then treated.The STS programme has adopted several major innovations that make it one of the most advanced area-wide programmes for managing invading species.Among these innovations, the STS programme adopts a complex geographic information system (GIS)-based decision algorithm for processing trap data, identifying treatment areas and evaluating programme efficacy.Also, the STS programme is unique in that it largely has adopted mating disruption to eradicate or suppress isolated populations ahead of the invading front.
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(1) Bird predation on overwintering egg masses of the gypsy moth was estimated in a deciduous forest during nine winters in Hokkaido, Japan. (2) Birds, mainly nuthatches (Sitta europaea), attacked the egg masses particularly during the snowy season, February and early March. Snowfalls increased predation frequency. (3) The geometric mean predation rate was 38 8% over the period. Predation fluctuated temporally, involving between 4% and 71% of all egg masses. (4) A density-dependent trend was apparently observed during the later five winters, but the trend was ambiguous in spatial density in each of five winters. (5) During the snowy season, birds shifted their foraging sites downward, and primarily attacked egg masses on the lower part of tree trunks above the snow.
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Gypsy moth
Overwintering
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Gypsy moth
Lymantria dispar
Allee effect
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In 1989, populations of North American gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, in seven contiguous northeastern states were severely reduced by a fungal pathogen. Based on morphology, development, and pathology, this organism appeared to be Entomophaga maimaiga. We have now used allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses to confirm this identification. Previously, this mycopathogen had been reported only from gypsy moth populations in Japan. During 1989, E. maimaiga occurred only in areas that had been initially defoliated by gypsy moth >10 years ago. E. maimaiga caused 60-88% mortality in late instar larvae on research sites in central Massachusetts.
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Entomophthorales
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Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) is a decapeptide that inhibits the biosynthesis of trypsin-like enzymes in the midgut of several insect species and, as such, serves as a dipteran oostatic hormone. In vitro incubation of lepidopteran prothoracic glands with Aedes aegypti TMOF revealed that this decapeptide, in the presence of brain extract, modulates ecdysteroid production. The modulatory effect was highly dependent on both the concentration of TMOF and brain extract. Typically, TMOF was stimulatory in the presence of lower concentrations of Lymantria dispar brain extract (0.01 and 0.025 brain equivalent), and either neutral or inhibitory at higher concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 brain equivalent) of extract. In the presence of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) brain extract, TMOF also exhibited modulatory effects, effects that again were dependent on the concentrations of both brain extract and TMOF present in the incubation medium. At 1.5 brain equivalents, TMOF was inhibitory at all but the highest concentration tested (5×;10–6 M), at 1.0 brain equivalent, TMOF was stimulatory at 10–6 M and at 0.5 brain equivalents, TMOF did not significantly affect PTG synthesis of ecdysteroids. Results suggest the presence of a modulatory peptide(s), which fine tunes the synthesis and release of ecdysteroids by PTGs in accordance with the insect’s developmental/physiological requirements. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 45:60–68, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Gypsy moth
Ecdysteroid
Prothoracic gland
Dispar
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