Use of the ICF for Guiding Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
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The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) has been adopted by most professional organizations that are concerned with the rehabilitation process, including by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). This article discusses how it can be applied to the growing recognition of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). PROs are those outcomes reported directly by the patient concerning their overall functioning and sense of wellbeing. Although the proponents of the ICF and PROs have similar goals in improving the health-related quality of life of the persons with functional health problems, they offer different but complementary components to this common goal. In this article, the author discusses how the ICF's philosophy, structure, and classification system can be useful for guiding the development, use, and interpretation of PROs.Background: The actualisation of the goal of NRHM depends on the functional efficacy of the ASHA as the grassroot health activist. Methods: This is cross sectional study, based on a sample of 135 ASHA working in different areas of Chiraigaon Block of Varanasi in eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP). ASHA were interviewed to ascertain the role of educational level on their effective functioning. Results: In the present study about one third of ASHA had schooling up to class eight, 36.6% High School and 22.2% intermediate, and 10.4 % were graduates. Statistically significant association was observed between educational level & practices undertaken by ASHA in the community. At the same time the findings also indicate that ASHA educated up to class eight faces difficulty in filling Village Health Index Register provided to them. Conclusions: The study recommends that if it is difficult to upgrade the minimum educational level for the appointment of ASHA, there is a strong need of regular training & monitoring of ASHA from other functionaries. Village Health Index Register should be simplified so that they can maintain the record properly. Otherwise, if women with good education have joined come forth to work as ASHA, this would certainly improve the service delivery.
Uttar pradesh
Cross-sectional study
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Background: Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) is one of the key components of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).The success of national health programs on family planning depends on how well ASHAs are trained and perform. Therefore it’s essential to assess the knowledge of ASHA workers. This study intends to assess the awareness of family planning services among ASHA workers in a municipality of northern Kerala.Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted among ASHA workers working in a municipality in Kannur District, during a study period of two weeks (July 1- July14, 2017). Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software and the results were expressed in terms of means, frequencies and percentage.Results: Majority (42.1%) of the ASHAs belongs to the age group of 42- 45 years and none of them were below 30 years. The mean population catered by ASHA workers were 1250. All of them were experienced for at least 7 years.Conclusions: All ASHA workers had satisfactory knowledge about family planning services. Despite this some of the ASHA workers don’t have adequate knowledge about ECPs, Progesterone only pills and non-contraceptive uses of condom. Hence it is essential to ensure that they are getting proper training from qualified personnel at regular intervals.
Pill
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Background: One of the key strategies under the National Rural Health Mission is having a community health worker who is an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) for every village with a population of 1000. These ASHA workers should preferably be female, in the 25-45 years age group and have a qualification of at least eighth class. The knowledge about health services of ASHA is crucial for the success of National Health Mission. Methods: A cross sectional study was planned in Bhojipura village. Total 48 villages ASHAs were interviewed using predesigned semi-structured questionnaire including brief socio-demographic information of ASHA along with details of their knowledge regarding child care. Results: Out of 64 ASHA, 25 (39.15) ASHA told that new-born babies given bath immediately after birth. 40 (62.5%) ASHA replied that nothing should be applied on umbilical stump of new-born. Mostly 62 (96.9%) ASHA knew that breastfeeding should be given first to the new-born and 61 (95.3%) ASHA were known that breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour of delivery. Conclusions: Majority of ASHAs know their role and details of their practices in new-born and child care except bathing of new born and additional supplements.
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Background: Our aim was to study the socio demographic determinants of ASHA workers, to study the work profile of the ASHA workers, to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of their roles and responsibilities in the delivery of health care services and to suggest specific recommendations on the ASHA scheme based on the study findings.Methods: The type of study was a cross sectional study, placed at Khordha district in Odisha. Time Period of this study was March to June 2018. 1218 ASHAs were finally included in the study. On the days of the monthly sector / block level meetings with ASHA workers they were appraised and accordingly a predesigned, pretested questionnaire was implemented to them.Results: Nearly 93% of ASHA workers were trained with module 1 to 5, first AID and DOTs training. Refresher training was given to 34% of ASHA workers, FTD/Malaria training was given to 88.4% of ASHA workers. 1218 (100%) ASHA’s helped in immunization. Majority of them 1199 (98.4%) accompanied delivery cases and 1198 (98.3%) were aware about family planning activities.Conclusions: Activities of ASHA’s should be increased with a corresponding increase in incentives, so that she can get up to Rs. 10000-15000 per month. IEC/BCC skills to ASHA may be built by short course certification. Other services like strengthening the role of ASHA on promotive and preventive health care particularly age at marriage, nutrition, home based care delay in first child birth and spacing between 1st and 2nd birth.
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Introduction: “ASHA-soft” is an online system which captures the details of all the incentives received by the ASHAs for the activities done under various health-care services. The most motivating factor for the ASHA is the financial incentives that they get from government. Therefore, it is very important to overcome the hindrances of providing the timely incentives. To ensure this, “ASHA-soft” was launched. It was started in Karnataka in 2016. This study was conducted to know the perception of the ASHA workers about its introduction and the impact that it had on their performance. Objectives: The objectives are as follows: (1) To describe the perceptions of ASHA workers about the usefulness of “ASHA-soft,” (2) to explore the pattern of incentives received by the ASHA workers, and (3) to determine the impact of “ASHA-soft” on performance of ASHA. Methodology: A mixed method approach study was conducted. Two-year data available on “ASHA-soft” was analyzed and was compared with the data and reports of ASHAs 2 years before launch of “ASHA-soft.” Focus group discussion was conducted for ASHA workers to collect the information about their perception about “ASHA-soft” and the impact it has made on their work. Results: Except for the technical difficulty of not being able to enter data at the PHC level, “ASHA-soft” has been well accepted by the ASHAs. There is a steady increase in activities and incentives year by year after implementation of “ASHA-soft,” especially with regard to Family Planning Services and National Programmes and has shown a positive impact on their performance. Conclusion: Implementation of “ASHA-soft” has increased the satisfaction levels of ASHAs especially with regard to incentives received and has a positive effect on the performance of ASHAs. Key words: ASHA-soft, perception, incentives, activity
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers play an important role in educating, creating awareness and implementing any health related program in their community. The present study investigated the knowledge of ASHA workers related to communication disorders prior to and immediately after an orientation programme. Two hundred and eight ASHA workers in the age range of 24-51 years with experience ranging from 1-10 years participated in the study. Three lectures on speech, language and hearing disorders were highlighted by experienced Speech & Hearing professionals to ASHA workers in series of orientation programmes. Results indicated that the knowledge of ASHA workers on communication disorders improved after the orientation program. The pre-test score was 63.6% and the post test score was 80.2% which indicated the benefits of short term orientation programme. The findings of this study suggests that ASHA workers can be effectively involved in identifying and referring clients with communication disorders to concerned professionals at community level.
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Background: India’s National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) introduced Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) at the community level. Their vital role is to promote antenatal care and increase the utilization of the existing health services. The objectives were to find out utilization of ASHA services by the pregnant women and to study its determinants in rural area of Tripura, India.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted during February – April 2015 using a validated interview schedule among 306 recently delivered women residing in Mohanpur block of Tripura, chosen by multistage sampling.Results: Utilization rate of ASHA services by pregnant women was found to be 89.7%. Pregnancy registration rate was 95% and 90% of these registrations were facilitated by ASHA. Adequate antenatal check-up rate facilitated by ASHA was 76.69%. Regarding Iron and Folic Acid prophylaxis, 67.88% of the adequate recipients were facilitated by ASHA. For laboratory tests, 80.23% of the women were motivated by ASHA. About 90% of the study women have heard about Janani Suraksha Yojona (JSY) scheme from ASHA and 70% of them got the benefit through ASHA. Literacy, parity, community, economic class, home visit by ASHA and family decision maker were identified as the significant determinants of utilization of ASHA services by the pregnant women.Conclusions: Utilization rate of the ASHA services by the pregnant women needs improvement. Apart from IEC activities, active home visits by ASHA, empowering couples to make their own fertility decisions, improvement in female literacy etc. may enhance utilization of ASHA services by this community which will intern enhance maternal health care utilization.
Total fertility rate
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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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