Nitrate removal from synthetic medium and groundwater with aquatic macrophytes
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滆湖位于江苏南部,面积为164km2,是一个典型的草型湖泊,其中80X以上的面积为黄丝草(Pataraogeton maackianus)所覆盖。针对该湖水生植被中草食性鱼类喜食性水草资源逐渐衰竭,非喜食性水草群落逐渐扩张的状况,1988-1990年,进行了湖泊水草群落的定向改良试验和抑制相关水草发生和蔓延的试验。结果表明,采用生物防治,以鱼除草,无论是网拦放牧式除草技术,还是网围养殖式除草技术,对各种沉水植物都可彻底清除,而且直接将水草转化为鱼产品,并且有利于湖泊水域生态环境的改善。;Gehu Lake, situated in Jiangsu Province, is a shallow one with an area of 164 km2.It is rich in submerged pliints, of which about 80% is covered by polamogeton maackianus, In order to improve aquatic macrophyte communities, it is necessary to control and even weed out the growing and spreading relative water plant.This work was carried out in 1988-1990.According, to the results of weeding,by herbicide and by herbivrous fishes, it is concluded that biological control of aquatic macrophytes in pen fishculture and in pen fishgrazing has played an obvious significance in improving the aquatic macrophyte communities in the weedy lake.
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The phenolic content of leaves of 40 aquatic and semi‐aquatic plant species, collected from stands distributed over the Netherlands was investigated. Species with submerged leaves showed a significantly lower phenolic content than species with emergent or floating leaves; the latter two showing no significant differences. Possible explanations for the observed differences are discussed in relation to defence strategies.
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Aquatic macrophytes function in several ways in aquatic environment. We have analyzed the effects of aquatic macrophytes focusing on the reduction of resuspension of bottom sediments. Aquatic macrophytes are known to suppress the development of wind wave in shallow waters. Reduced wave height leads to the reduction of the resuspension of bottom sediments. This function that aquatic macrophytes may have seem important in deciding the water quality of shallow water bodies. A numerical simulation model was developed to estimate the quantitative effects of aquatic macrophytes on the water quality of a shallow marsh. Simulation results showed good agreement with observed water quality data. A simulation case that assumed dense vegetation of which area was maximum in recent years resulted in less turbid and lower organic matter concentration. The degree of reduction in suspended solids presumed by the simulation agreed well with the previous records in Inba marsh, Chiba prefecture that experienced the decay of aquatic macrophytes. Restoration of native aquatic macrophytes is important to restore the marsh to a previous clear state.
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2006-2007年对东太湖网围养殖区及航道水生植物种群结构和水环境状况进行了调查.结果表明:采样区内共有水生植物10种,其中沉水植物6种﹑浮叶植物3种﹑漂浮植物1种;养殖区植物种类较单一,耐污染、再生能力强以及水质净化能力好的金鱼藻﹑狐尾藻和伊乐藻在养殖区呈优势种分布;航道和敞水区优势种类为苦草和马来眼子菜.从水生植物生物量变化来看,9月生物量最高,平均为2882.4±748.8g/m2;养殖区水生植物生物量高于航道和敞水区,两个网区平均可达1251.2±1012.7g/m2、993.9±968.6g/m2.水生植物与水环境相互关系来看,温度、透明度和pH等水体物理环境因子对水生植物季节生长和光合作用具有重要影响;水生植物具有吸收水体氮磷营养盐和抑制藻类生长的作用,从而改善了东太湖水质,同时植物季节性生长以及空间分布差异也影响水质时空差异.;The aquatic macrophytes and water environments in the enclosure aquaculture area and waterway of East Lake Taihu were investigated during 2006 and 2007. The results showed that there were ten species of aquatic macrophytes in the investigated area, among six submerged macrophytes, three emergent plants and one floating plant. The plant species were dominant by Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum and Elodea nuttalli in the enclosure aquaculture area, which are pollutant-resistant, regeneration-strong and purification-good macrophytes, while Potamogeton malaianus and Vallisneria spiralis were the dominant species both in the waterway and open water region. Aquatic macrophytes grew vigorously between summer and autumn and the maximum macrophyte biomass was in September when it could reach to 2882.4 ± 748.8g/m2. The biomasses of macrophyte in two enclosure aquaculture areas were 1251.2±1012.7g/m2 and 993.9±968.6g/m2, respectively, which were higher biomass than other water area. The physical factors in water, such as temperature, transparency and pH, had important influences on photosynthesis and seasonal growth of aquatic macrophytes. Through absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and inhibition of algae growth by aquatic macrophyte in the water body, the water quality of East Lake Taihu had been improved. The patterns of aquatic macrophyte in the lake could also affect the temporal-spatial difference of water quality.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Myriophyllum
Elodea canadensis
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A comprehensive survey is undertaken in the upper reaches of the Taihu Lake watershed,including Gehu Lake,Taige Canal and the Caoqiao River. Results of the analysis of water samples from 12 sampling sites show all of these waters are high in nutrient content,being hyper-eutrophicated. It is found through PCA integrated assessment that water quality in most of the rivers'sections is on the level of Class IV,the Lake level of Class III. Aquatic ecological investigation in terms of aquatic plants indicate that diversity of aquatic plants are very low,represented by water hyacinth and common duckweed,the dominant species widespread over the rivers and canal;the submersed macrophytes,as a whole,have showed serious tendency of decline,and their distribution areas are on decrease. Cluster analysis method of UPGMA is used to categorize the aquatic macrophytes which have been investigated,and through PCO and CCA analysis,there was a distinct separation between rivers and lake in terms of physio-chemical factors of the waters. It is concluded that the aquatic environmental factors such as N and P in their various forms,both in water and in the sediment,have exerted influences on the plants in terms of composition and distribution.
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Phragmites
Typha
Bank
Soil seed bank
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In order to explore community characteristics and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Henan section of Huaihe River Basin and the causes,field survey and in-laboratory analysis were carried out of composition of aquatic macrophytes,and characteristics of the water and the soil environment and their relationship in the basin. Results show that a total of 51 species of aquatic macrophytes were detected,including 28 species of emergent plants,12 species of submerged plants and 10 species of floating-leaved plants,1 species of floating plant,which accounts for 54. 9%,23. 5%,19. 6%and 2. 0% of the total,respectively. They formed 14 types of communities,of which 5 were dominated with submerged plants,6 with emergent plants and 3 with floating leaf plants. The communities varied sharply in environment,especially factors,like NH4+-N,NO3--N,TN,TP and PO43-in the water. CCA reveals that water environment factors,such as TP,PO43-,NH4+-N and DO concentrations,were the key factors determining distribution of the aquatic macrophytes in the Huaihe River Basin.
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The three-month ecological restoration treatment on the sewage of TN more than 40mg/L by the five aquatic plants of water hyacinth,yellow water dragon,alligator grass,water turtle and duckweed.The results indicate that the average removal of TN is more than 60%,the highest removal with 86% is water hyacinth and lowest with 58% is alligator grass.The removal of the other forms of nitrogen in Different aquatic plants has their own characteristics.The highest and lowest of ammonia nitrogen removal rate are water hyacinth 88% and yellow water dragon 14%,duckweed and water hyacinth have more than 85% nitrate removal,and alligator grass is 23%.
Hyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes
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The constructed submerged plant bed(CSPB),with aquatic macrophytes being vegetated on a constructed submerged bed and artificial filling,is a biologic-ecological technique of water body restoration at virgin position for polluted water body,and its core is still aquatic macrophytes.The purification of aquatic macrophytes of CSPB for polluted water is a complicated physical,chemical and biologic process,the mechanism contains: 1.absorption of nutrient elements and enrichment of heavy metal;2.removal of SS and macromolecule organic matter by physical adsorb adsorption;3.enhance of Do in water by releasing oxygen;4.controlling the growth of algal and bacteria by means of biochemical effect;5.providing carrier and O2 for microorganism and forming plant-microbiology cooperating purification.Nevertheless,because aquatic macrophytes be vegetated directly under water in previous studies,the utilization of aquatic macrophytes,especially of submerged aquatic vegetation,is restricted by diaphaneity and depth of water,it becomes a important limit for aquatic macrophytes to be applied for restoring grievously polluted water with low diaphaneity and large depth.Contrarily,the CSPB technology can artificially adjust the depth of aquatic macrophytes under water by means of rising or sinking down the vegetation bed,so,it can eliminate the limit of diaphaneity and depth to the growth of aquatic vegetation.moreover,the CSPB technology is convenient for the scheme of species and community construction of aquatic macrophytes,as well as for the management and maintenance of aquatic vegetation.It should provide a new idea for water quality improvement by utilizing aquatic macrophytes in grievously polluted water body with low diaphaneity and large depth.
Ceratophyllum demersum
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