Investigation into the performance and emissions of a stationary diesel engine fuelled by sewage sludge intermediate pyrolysis oil and biodiesel blends
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Pyrolysis oil
Sewage sludge
This review surveys chromatographic technology that has been applied to the characterization of biodiesel and its blends. Typically, biodiesel consists of fatty acid methyl esters produced by transesterification of plant or animal derived triacylglycerols. Primary attention is given to the determination of trace impurities in biodiesel, such as methanol, glycerol, mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols, and sterol glucosides. The determination of the fatty acid methyl esters, trace impurities in biodiesel, and the determination of the biodiesel content of commercial blends of biodiesel in conventional diesel are also addressed.
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Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable fuel, biodegradable and alternative to diesel oil consisting chemically of fatty acid alkyl esters and obtained by the transesterification reaction. After transesterification, undesirable components may remain in biodiesel. The presence of these components negatively influences the properties and performance of biodiesel. This research aims to evaluate biodiesel quality, using the quantitative ultrasound technique to determine the presence of the contaminant glycerol in biodiesel samples. The blends used in this study consisted of biodiesel and glycerol varying from 0 % to 0.5 % of glycerol by mass. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The speed of sound in biodiesel/glycerol blends was measured by the pulse-echo technique (@ 5 MHz) and was considered equivalent for the different concentrations studied. The maximum measurement uncertainty obtained was 2.2 m·s −1 (0.16 %).
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Biodiesel 燃料被发现基于研究人员出版一十年的结果是为石油柴油机的一种有希望的选择。Biodiesel 燃料是可更新、非可能减解的燃料。许多国家使用 biodiesel 燃料让 automotives 由于石油燃料的弄空遇见危机并且遇见紧排放标准。当来源和可估计的结果被报导，各种各样的研究与蔬菜油与不同 biodiesel 燃料被执行了。已经被测试了的很少 biodiesel 燃料是 Jatropha， Pongamia， Mahua， neem，棉花种子，等等。在这个试验性的工作， Adelfa biodiesel 混合被用作测试燃料。排放和表演特征与三另外的不同 biodiesel 燃料混合相比。可估计的结果暗示 Adelfa biodiesel (Nerium 油甲基酉旨) 能是未来的 biodiesel 燃料，它与直接注射(DI ) 有好相容性没有任何主要修正的柴油机引擎。而且， Adelfa 能与水的更少来源一起在一块非农业的陆地被栽培。它广泛地在亚洲的所有主要国家上被散布。试验性的调查与标准引擎说明在一台单个柱体 DI 柴油机引擎上被执行了。在这个试验性的工作，各种各样的 Adelfa biodiesel 相配与引用燃料(柴油机) 相比选择把更靠近的表演给柴油机的最好的混合。有另外的 biodiesel 燃料的比较分析也被做了，结果被讨论了。
Pongamia
Jatropha
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The review reports the results of various researches work on the engine performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using different nanoadditives in jojoba biodiesel - diesel blends. Blending of diesel with biodiesel in a diesel engine has gained importance, due to its economical and environmental benefits. Jojoba biodiesel gained an importance as an alternative fuel over conventional diesel fuel even with their unfavorable effects of power reduction. The wide spread usage of nanoadditives to improve the combustion quality may be a good solution of this problem. Blending of nanoparticles as an additives in biodiesel – diesel blends improves the thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, mass diffusivity and high surface area-to-volume ratio. Based on the results available in the literature, it has been found that nanoadditives with jojoba biodiesel - diesel blends improve the performance of diesel engine and reduced the emission of toxic gases depending upon the dosage of the nanoadditives.
Thermal efficiency
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Fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) have a major effect in displacing Diesel fuel
of crude oil origin and also to minimize the emission of gases which contribute
to the global warming phenomenon. Furthermore, FAME easily biodegrades as
compared to the fossil fuel. In order to investigate the oxidation of stability of
FAME, there are various methods which can be employed, namely FAME in
relation to European standard PN EN 14214. This research project produces a
critical result of determination of FAME oxidation stability with different type
of biodiesel sample. From this research report, the most suitable biodiesel that
can be used for consideration for alternative renewable energy would be jatropha
biodiesel. Jatropha biodiesel good in thermal stability, can maintain fuel
properties in higher temperature, low acid value, low density, has a higher total
base number, low viscosity which indicates that jatropha biodiesel is thermally
stable and has a longer period of oxidation rate.This research is very important
for further biodiesel development in our country to develop in future pure
biodiesel fuel or partially biodiesel fuel mix with crude oil.
EN 14214
Jatropha
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Research progress of biodiesel stability and biodiesel stabilizers at home and abroad was reviewed in this paper,including chemical composition and characteristics of biodiesel,stability and its influence factors of biodiesel,determination and evaluation methods of biodiesel stability,varieties and properties of biodiesel stabilizers.It is thought that the addition of biodiesel stabilizers was the main way to raise the stability of biodiesel.
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Animal fat
Vegetable oil
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Biodiesel is manufactured from vegetable oils, etc. in reaction with methanol so that the product of biodiesel may be dangerous due to the methanol remained of it. The risks of methanol remained in biodiesel were studied by measuring flash points and dynamic viscosity to some samples of biodiesel by adding methanol to a certain percentage of. The results of flash points of biodiesel are decreased in accordance with increasing of methanol in biodiesel and also decreasing the dynamic viscosity. It was shown that the risks of explosion of biodiesel are significantly high due to lower flash points resulted from methanol remained in biodiesel fuel as a reactant or adding to biodiesel for reduction of viscosity.
Flash point
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A major problem that limits the use of biodiesel is maintaining the fuel at the specified standards for a longer period. Biodiesel oxidizes much more easily than diesel, and the final oxidation products change its physical and chemical properties and cause the formation of insoluble gums that can block fuel filters and the supply pipes. This instability of biodiesel is a major problem and has not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Recently, the use of biodiesel has increased quite a lot, but the problem related to oxidation could become a significant impediment. A promising and cost-effective approach to improving biodiesel’s stability is to add appropriate antioxidants. Antioxidants work better or less effectively in different biodiesel fuels, and there is no one-size-fits-all inhibitor for every type of biodiesel fuel. To establish a suitable antioxidant for a certain type of biodiesel, it is necessary to know the chemistry of the antioxidants and factors that influence their effectiveness against biodiesel oxidation. Most studies on the use of antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of biodiesel have been conducted independently. This study presents an analysis of these studies and mentions factors that must be taken into account for the choice of antioxidants so that the storage stability of biodiesel fuels can be improved.
Degradation
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