In vitro Uptake of Exogenous α-Fetoprotein by Chicken Dorsal Root Ganglia
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Exogenous chicken alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was added to embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia plated on gelatin-coated tissue culture dishes at different stages during the differentiation process and its intracellular uptake demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods. Other embryonic serum proteins were added as a control. Morphologically well-differentiated neurons (ganglion cells) appeared positively labeled for AFP, contrasting with weakly stained other cell types: these included spindle-shaped cells identified as Schwann cells and larger, often closely packed cells, which could be less mature neurons. Fibroblasts were found negative or faintly stained. No AFP was noticeable in cultures grown in the absence of the protein. These results suggest that the presence of AFP in the developing CNS is for the most part, if not entirely, due to protein uptake as opposed to in situ synthesis.To determine the gross morphology of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles in the cervical and cranial thoracic portions of the equine vertebral column.15 horse cadavers.The vertebral column was removed intact from the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7). After removing the superficial musculature, detailed anatomic dissections of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles were performed.The multifidus cervicis muscle consisted of 5 bundles/level arranged in lateral, medial, and deep layers from C2 caudally into the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Fibers in each bundle attached cranially to a spinous process then diverged laterally, attaching caudally on the dorsolateral edge of the vertebral lamina and blending into the joint capsule of an articular process articulation after crossing 1 to 4 intervertebral joints. The longus colli muscle had ventral, medial, and deep layers with 5 bundles/level from C1 to C5 that attached cranially to the ventral surface of the vertebral body, diverged laterally and crossed 1 to 4 intervertebral joints, then attached onto a vertebral transverse process as far caudally as C6. The longus thoracis muscle consisted of a single, well-defined muscle belly from C6 to T5-T6, with intermediate muscular attachments onto the ventral aspects of the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral symphyses, and the craniomedial aspects of the costovertebral joint capsules.Results indicated that there were multiple, short bundles of the multifidus cervicis, multifidus thoracis, and longus colli muscles; this was consistent with a function of providing sagittal plane intersegmental vertebral column stability.
Gross anatomy
Vertebral column
Vertebra
Multifidus muscle
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Abstract The ostrich hyobranchial apparatus consists of the centrally positioned paraglossalia and basiurohyale and paired caudo‐lateral elements (horns), each consisting of the ceratobranchiale and epibranchiale. The paraglossalia lie within the tongue parenchyma and consist of paired, flat, caudo‐laterally directed cartilages joined rostrally. The basiurohyale forms a single dorso‐ventrally flattened unit composed of an octagonal‐shaped body from which extend rostral (the rostral process) and caudal (the urohyale) projections. The laryngeal skeleton consists of cricoid, procricoid and paired arytenoid cartilages. The large ring‐shaped cricoid cartilage displays a body and paired wings which articulate with each other and with the procricoid. The blunt, ossified, rostral projection of the cricoid and the scalloped nature of the arytenoid cartilages are unique to the ostrich. The procricoid is a single structure which links the paired arytenoids and wings of the cricoid. The hyobranchial apparatus is firmly attached to the tongue parenchyma and to the larynx and proximal trachea. In contrast to previous reports in this species, the horns of the hyobranchial apparatus are not related to the skull. Ossification of the body of the basihyale, the ceratobranchials and the rostral process and body of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx lends stability to these structures.
Cricoid cartilage
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Dorsal cutaneous innervation of the hand with respect to anatomical landmarks: is there a safe zone?
In this study, we aimed to define the borders of the triangular area between the radial and dorsal nerves on the dorsum of the hand and to determine its dimensions using measurements between anatomic landmarks.We statistically analyzed the relation between the distance from Lister's tubercle to the blending point of the central branches of radial and ulnar nerves and the distance between styloids on 14 hands of seven adult human cadavers (5 males, 2 females). The distances of nerve branches to vertical lines drown distally from both styloid processes were also compared with interstyloid distances to help in presuming the course of these nerves.No statistical constant correlation was determined between the measurements. Neither the height of the triangular area nor the courses of both nerves seemed to be quantitatively related to any measurements between the anatomical landmarks.Variability in these measurements in our study indicates that there is no surgical safe zone on the dorsum of the hand.
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Abstract It has been suggested that formation of the shoulder in the embryonic chick is caused by caudal movement of the pleural coelom (Yander and Searls, '80a,b; Searls, '83). The cells of the somatopleure over the pleural coelom move into the base of the wing causing a thickening at the cranial base of the wing (the shoulder). In the previous work cited what caused the pleural coelom to move in a caudal direction could not be determined. It has now been observed that part of this movement is due to increase in the cranial‐caudal width of the hyoid arch. The mandibular arch does not move relative to the base of the wing or the somites. The caudal margin of the hyoid arch on the surface of the neck moves caudally at a rate of four to six somites per day, overgrowing the cervical sinus in the process. The aortic arches move in the same direction at a rate of 2 to 3 somites per day. It is suggested that the more medial elements of the hyoid arch are increasing in size, displacing the cervical sinus in a caudal direction. Part of the caudal movement of the cranial margin of the pleural coelom is also due to increase in length of the trachea. The trachea branches from the larynx ventral to about the eighth somite from 4 to 7 days of development. The distance from the cranial end of the trachea to the bifurcation that produces the left and right bronchi increases so that the bronchi become medial to the shoulder at 5.5 days, and the distance from the cranial end of the trachea to the pleural coelom increases so that the pleural coelom becomes medial to the shoulder at 4.5 days.
Coelom
Apex (geometry)
Sinus (botany)
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The tracheal system arises as intrasegmental ectodermal invaginations in the anterolateral regions of the mesothorax, metathorax, and first eight abdominal segments. Dorsal, dorsal visceral, ventral visceral, and ventral tracheal branches from the spiracular tracheae form in most segments. A ventral visceral trachea is lacking in the mesothorax and a dorsal visceral in the metathorax. Before eclosion the metathoracic ventral visceral trachea disappears and the metathoracic spiracle becomes occluded. The longitudinal tracheal trunks develop after the segmental tracheae from cephalad branches from the spiracles. The ventrolateral trunk to the head supplies branches to all the cephalic appendages, including the antenna and labrum. The trachea to the prothoracic ganglion and leg probably represents the ventral trachea from a primitive prothoracic spiracle. The trachea to the suboesophageal ganglion and the cephalic ventrolateral trunk may represent branches from an original "labial" spiracle. An internal closing apparatus involves the spiracular tracheal wall and has a single opening muscle. The oenocyte bodies form by ectodermal cell proliferation in the posterolateral regions of the first eight abdominal segments.
Appendage
Bristle
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Foot (prosody)
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The gross internal anatomy of females of a harpacticoid copepod, Paramphiascella fulvofasciata Rosenfield and Coull, 1974, was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The central nervous system consists of a protocerebrum, connectives, a subesophageal ganglion, and a ventral nerve chain bifurcating twice in the abdomen. The longitudinal musculature of the trunk consists of ventral and dorsal bilaterally symmetrical bundles of muscle fibres. The protractors and dilatators of a swimming leg are attached to tendons of the exoskeleton and the protopodite. The female genital system comprises an unpaired ovary in the frontal portion of the cephalothorax and a pair of oviducts extending towards a chitinized antrum, which lead to the genital apertures or vulvae. The formation of paired egg sacs is discussed. The alimentary tract consists of an esophagus, midgut, and hind gut. A midgut diverticulum is absent. The anus opens between and dorsal to the caudal rami and is overlapped by an anal operculum. Food uptake and fecal pellet formation are discussed.
Cephalothorax
Hindgut
Operculum (bryozoa)
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ABSTRACT Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands is a recently described disorder, which is similar to Sweet's syndrome. It is characterized by erythematous plaques, pustules and haemorrhagic bullae located solely on the dorsal surface of the hands. We describe a 57‐year‐old man with neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands that occurred following exposure to a chemical fertilizer. There are few cases reported in the literature regarding neutrophilic dermatosis and the aetiology remains unclear. For the present case, we propose that neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands might have been induced by the chemical fertilizer.
Neutrophilic Dermatosis
Sweet's syndrome
Etiology
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The anatomy of the cephalic venous system in the fowl was studied in 19 specimens by means of latex‐injected preparations and by dissection. The brain sinuses converge dorsally upon the large cervical sinus and vertebral veins. Dorso‐ventral communication is provided by the occipital veins posteriorly, while the ophthalmic system unites both dorsal and ventral sinuses and the temporal rete with the extracranial veins anteriorly. The jugular veins are formed from the superficial branches of the facial veins and serve mainly as outlets for extracranial blood. They are united at the base of the head by a prominent transverse anastomosis which slopes caudally towards the larger, right jugular. As in mammals, the carotid veins envelop the internal carotid arteries and anteriorly form a bulbous sinus cavernosus around the inter‐carotid anastomosis.
Sinus (botany)
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Υπόθεση.Οι μαζικές ρήξεις των τενόντων του στροφικού πετάλου του ώμου σχετίζονται με υψηλά ποσοστά επαναρρήξεων και φτωχών λειτουργικών αποτελεσμάτων σε ασθενείς που προεγχειρητικά εμφάνιζαν λιπώδη διήθηση, ρίκνωση και ατροφία. ΣκοπόςΣτόχος είναι η αξιολόγηση της παραγόμενης μυικής δύναμης από τον χρόνιο ρηχθέντα υπερακάνθιο και υπακάνθιο μυ και η τρισδιάστατη εκτίμηση των ιστολογικών αλλοιώσεων σε πειραματικό μοντέλο επίμυων. Υλικό-Μέθοδος.Στη μελέτη αυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 20 ενήλικοι επίμυες (Sprague Dawley) οι οποίοι υποβλήθηκαν σε μαζική τραυματική ρήξη των τενόντων του στροφικού πετάλου (υπερακάνθιος και υπακάνθιος) του δεξιού ώμου (αριστερός-ώμος ελέγχου) και διαχωρίστηκαν σε 2 ομάδες (Ομάδα Α και Β). Έξι (Ομάδα Α) και δώδεκα (Ομάδα Β) εβδομάδες μετεγχειρητικά τα πειραματόζωα υποβλήθηκαν σε ηλεκτροφυσιολογικό έλεγχο (καταμέτρηση δύναμης ισομετρικών συστολών) των μυών του υπερακανθίου και υπακανθίου στο φυσικό μήκος αυτών. Επίσης πραγματοποιήθηκε τρισδιάστατη ιστολογική εκτίμηση των αλλοιώσεων και με τη χρήση του λογισμικού ImageJ χρωματικός αποδιαχωρισμός και ποσοτική εκτίμηση της εκφύλισης αυτής.Αποτελέσματα.Από τις μετρήσεις ισομετρικών συστολών διαφαίνεται ότι τόσο ο μυς του υπερακανθίου όσο και του υπακανθίου παρουσιάζουν στατιστικά σημαντική απώλεια της μυϊκής δύναμης, συγκρινόμενη με την αριστερή πλευρά (p<0.005). Ποιο συγκεκριμένα, 6 εβδομάδες μετεγχειρητικά, ο υπερακάνθιος φαίνεται ότι έχει απωλέσει το 20.3% της μυϊκής του δύναμης ενώ αντίστοιχα ο υπερακάνθιος το 24.18%. Επιπλέον 12 εβδομάδες μετεγχειρητικά ο υπερακάνθιος παρουσιάζει περίπου 30% απώλεια της παραγόμενης δύναμης και ο υπακάνθιος 35% αντίστοιχα. Στην ιστολογική αξιολόγηση παρατηρήθηκε εκτεταμένη εκφύλιση, αύξηση του ενδιάμεσου χώρου διήθηση με ινώδη και λιπώδη ιστό, τόσο του υπερακανθίου όσο και του υπακανθίου. Η εκφύλιση παρουσιάζει τρισδιάστατη κατανομή (πιο εξεσημασμένη στις περιοχές κοντά στην τενόντια έκφυση και των δύο μυών (Ζ1, Ζ2 και Ζ3) και στη ραχιαία πλευρά αυτών).Με τη διαδικασία του χρωματικού διαχωρισμού, έξι εβδομάδες μετεγχειρητικά στη Ζώνη Ζ1 (κοντά στην τενόντια μοίρα) του υπερακανθίου και στη ραχιαία του μεριά το ποσοστό ίνωσης-εκφύλισης της επιφάνειας της εγκάρσιας διατομής φτάνει κατά μέσο όρο το (Ζ1 DORSAL) 21.58% ενώ η αντίστοιχη περιοχή κοντά στη μέση γραμμή (Ζ5 DORSAL) το 7.79% αντίστοιχα. Επιπλέον στις ίδιες Ζώνες (Ζ1 και Ζ5) αλλά στην κοιλιακή πλευρά του χειρουργημένου υπερακανθίου ήταν (Z1 VENTRAL) 11.86% και (Z5 VENTRAL) 5% αντίστοιχα. Για τον υπακάνθιο το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό εκφύλισης-ίνωσης στην εγκάρσια διατομή του μυός ήταν Ζ1 DORSAL=25.06% και Z5 DORSAL=8.8% ενώ Z1 VENTRAL=14.17% και Z5 VENTRAL=5.08%.Δώδεκα εβδομάδες μετεγχειρητικά τα αντίστοιχα ποσοστά ήταν Ζ1 DORSAL=25.27%, Ζ5 DORSAL =5.1%, Z1 VENTRAL=11.15% και Z5 VENTRAL=4.1% αντίστοιχα για τον υπερακάνθιο. Για τον υπακάνθιο οι τιμές ήταν Ζ1 DORSAL=32% και Z5 DORSAL=11.5% ενώ Z1 VENTRAL=17.8% και Z5 VENTRAL=5.5%.ΣυμπεράσματαΓίνεται αντιληπτό ότι η μαζική ρήξη του υπερακανθίου και υπακανθίου οδηγεί σε μείωση της παραγώμενης δύναμης και πως το ραχιαίο τμήμα και η περιοχή κοντά στην τενόντια μοίρα αυτών είναι πιο ευάλωτη σε τέτοιες καταστροφικές αλλαγές.
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