Cultured Milk and Antibiotics for Young Calves
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Chlortetracycline
Three feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding a combination of chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine to finishing lamb rations. In the first experiment, two levels of chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine supplementation (55 mg of each/ kg ration and 110 mg of each/kg ration) resulted in improvement (P<.01) in average daily gain, while chlortetracycline alone (55 mg/kg ration) did not affect lamb performance. In experiment 2, supplementing with chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine (110 mg of each/kg ration) significantly increased gains (P<.01). In a third experiment, chlortetracycline-sulfamethazine (55 mg of each/kg ration) resulted in a 7% increase in average daily gain. This difference was nonsignificant (P>.05). Out of a total of 240 lambs in three experiments, only three lambs died from enterotoxemia, and these were receiving the control ration.
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Five experiments were conducted to study the effect of daily administration of 350 mg chlortetracycline or 350 mg sulfamethazine alone or in combination or of administering 10 mg diethylstilbestrol, upon the 28-day performance of newly-arrived feeder cattle. In two of the three experiments, in which chlortetracycline alone, its use improved rate of gain. In four of the five experiments a combination of chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine resulted in a significant increase in gain over control cattle administered neither, but the combination was superior to chlortetracycline alone in only one out of three comparisons. The feeding of 10 mg diethylstilbestrol alone or in combination with chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine was without significant effect upon rate of gain.
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Abstract A preliminary study is made of the use of chlortetracycline under conditions approaching those used in the United States: the results are compared with those obtained when some of the features of present British practice were retained. The American results were confirmed but, as was expected, the application of chlortetracycline produced no worthwhile extension of the short storage life of eviscerated birds subsequently kept at ordinary temperatures. It was, in fact, evident that no advantages would be gained by the use of chlortetracycline in this country unless, as in America, refrigerated transport and distribution were also employed.
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THE use of antibiotics as an aid to accelerated growth and control of disease in poultry and other farm animals is well established. Since the use of antibiotics is so widespread, it is important to determine the amount of residual antibiotic in the meat and other food products derived from animals fed antibiotics. Broquist and Kohler (1953) reported no residual chlortetracycline in eggs from hens receiving 20 or 200 g. of chlortetracycline per ton, and 0.15–3.1 mcg. of chlortetracycline per egg for eggs from hens fed 2,000 g. of chlortetracycline per ton. Durbin, DiLorenzo, Randall and Wilner (1953) reported no residual chlortetracycline in eggs from hens fed 3, 10, 50, or 100 g. of chlortetracycline per ton. At the 200 and 2,000 g./ton level the highest concentration of antibiotic was found during the first week on chlortetracycline with successively decreasing concentration during the following two weeks. The decrease, percentage-wise, …
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Penetration (warfare)
Tissue distribution
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An experiment was conducted on 13 commercial barley beef units in Scotland, using a total of 301 early-weaned Friesian male calves. On each unit the trial batch of calves was divided into two groups, which were then allocated to a control diet (85% barley + 15% protein supplement) or the same diet supplemented with 20 mg. chlortetracycline per kg. of feed. The experiment was conducted over the live-weight range 115 to 360 kg. The chlortetracycline significantly (P<0·01) improved live-weight gain ( + 4·9%) and feed utilisation ( + 4·8%). This overall effect was largely due to a high response during the first 12 weeks. From 13 to 28 weeks the chlortetracycline had only a marginal effect, which was not significant. There was no significant difference in the feed intakes of the two groups. There was a significant (P<0·01) negative correlation between the effect of the chlortetracycline on live-weight gain at each unit and the growth rate of the control animals at that unit; the response was greatest on farms with poor hygiene. The animals given chlortetracycline showed a significantly (P<0·05) lower incidence of liver abscesses (11·8%) than the controls (28·2%). Macroscopic examination of the rumens showed that rumenitis is common among intensively fed cattle, but no correlation could be found between incidence of liver abscesses and rumen lesions.
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Three experiments were conducted with 38 wether lambs, that weighed an average of about 65 lb. each, to determine the effect of chlortetracycline on the apparent digestibility of feed constituents of a ration which consisted primarily of low quality roughage. The rations were composed of 80% ground corncobs and 20% concentrate mixture. In Experiment 1 the basal ration was supplemented with 10 mg. of chlortetracycline and chlortetracycline as Aurofac 2A per pound of feed. In Experiment 2 the basal ration was supplemented with chlortetracycline and chlortetracycline as Aurofac 2A, each at the 1 and the 2-mg. levels per pound of feed. Experiment 3 was a repetition of Experiment 2, except the levels of antibiotic fed were increased to 5 and 10 mg. per pound of feed, and the collection period consisted of three consecutive 10-day collection periods. In all experiments the initial supplementation of 5 and 10 mg. of chlortetracycline or Aurofac 2A caused a loss of appetite within 40 to 72 hours. All levels of chlortetracycline supplementation significantly decreased the apparent crude fiber digestibility except the 1 mg.level of chlortetracycline as Aurofac 2A in Experiment 2. This same trend was present for dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen-free extract. As the level of chlortetracycline was increased from one to two and from 5 to 10 mg. the decrease in apparent digestibility of ration constituents became greater. In Experiment 3 there was a definite period effect in the chlortetracycline supplemented groups with a recovery of apparent digestibility of ration constituents in Period 3. The average apparent digestibility of crude fiber for both sources of chlortetracycline at the 10-mg. level for Periods 1, 2 and 3 in Experiment 3 were reduced by 18.4, 11.5 and 5.4%, respectively. This same trend of recovery was present for dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen-free extract. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Growth in young calves was stimulated by PAS and chlortetracycline when fed separately. Combinations of the two, however, resulted in growth which was not significantly different from that of comparable controls.
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