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    Timing of oviposition on a corpse is a key factor in entomologically based minimum postmortem interval (mPMI) calculations. However, there is considerable variation in nocturnal oviposition behavior of blow flies reported in the research literature. This study investigated nocturnal oviposition in central England for the first time, over 25 trials from 2011 to 2013. Liver-baited traps were placed in an urban location during control (diurnal), and nocturnal periods and environmental conditions were recorded during each 5-h trial. No nocturnal activity or oviposition was observed during the course of the study indicating that nocturnal oviposition is highly unlikely in central England.
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    연구는 직접 삼킴 치료가 삼킴 기능 회복과 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구는 뇌졸중 환자 중 삼킴장애로 진단받은 1명의 환자를 2012년 12월 3일부터 동년 12월 21일 까지 3주간 실시하였다. 연구 디자인은 개별사례 연구 방법 중 반전 설계(AB)를 이용하였다. 직접 삼킴 치료는 주 5회, 1회기에 20분씩, 총 10회기를 실시하였고, 결과는 기초선과 직접 삼킴 치료 기간의 점수 차이를 비교하여 분석하였다. 직접 삼킴 치료 후에 뇌졸중 환자의 삼킴 기능은 향상되었고 향상된 삼킴 기능은 삶의 질 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과를 근거로 임상에서는 직접 삼킴 치료가 가능한 대상자은 조기에 구강 섭취를 통한 직접 삼킴 치료를 실시해 환자들의 삼킴 기능과 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of direct swallowing treatment on recovering swallowing functions and quality of life. The study was performed over three weeks from December 3 to 21, 2012 for one dysphagia patient who was diagnosed with a stroke. The study design was carried out using a reversal design (AB) in single-subject experimental research. The direct swallowing treatment were implemented by a total of 10 times, five times a week and 20 minutes for each treatment, and the results of the treatment were compared and analyzed based on the differences in scores during the treatment period of the baseline and swallowing treatment. After completing the direct swallowing treatment, the swallowing function in stroke patients was improved and the improved swallowing function affected the quality of life positively. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the swallowing function and quality of life in patients through applying such early direct swallowing treatment with oral intakes for the subjects who can take direct swallowing treatment in clinics.
    Stroke
    Nocturnal behavior of 113 American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) was observed in playa wetlands on the Southern High Plains of Texas, USA, during April and May 2000. Nocturnal time activity budgets consisted primarily of foraging (62%) and resting (20%). Nocturnal time activity budgets were compared to diurnal time activity budgets. Differences in behavior existed between diurnal and nocturnal periods. Greater percentages of time were devoted to foraging and aggression during the night, but less time was spent resting during the night. Time spent in locomotion, maintenance, and alert behavior was comparable among diurnal and nocturnal periods.
    In contrast to diurnal songs and calls, avian nocturnal vocalizations are understudied, and their occurrence and function are poorly understood. Here, using primarily the Birds of North America species accounts, I systematically examine the occurrence and potential factor(s) that contribute to nocturnal vocalizing across 749 species of breeding birds in North America and review proposed hypotheses on its function(s). Nocturnal vocalizations are reported from at least 30% of North American birds, across 18 of 22 orders, of which over 70% are considered diurnal. This indicates that nocturnal vocalizations are a taxonomically widespread behavior and are not restricted to nocturnal species as traditionally believed. Furthermore, it indicates that diurnal birds are extending activities into night-time hours, which may influence energy dynamics and reproductive success. Lack of significant phylogenetic signal suggests that nocturnal vocalizations are not merely a result of phylogeny, which leaves ecological factors such as elevated light levels and mated status as potential promoters of its occurrence. With less than 4% of avian vocalization literature concentrating on nocturnal vocalizations, the goal of this paper is to synthesize empirical knowledge and to stimulate more research in this field.
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