Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study
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Abstract Organochlorine (OC) insecticides have been regulated as possible human carcinogens primarily on the basis of animal studies. However, the epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between cancer incidence and OC insecticide use among pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 57,311 licensed applicators in Iowa and North Carolina enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Information on ever use of 7 OC insecticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, toxaphene) was collected from a self‐administered questionnaire at enrollment. Lifetime exposure‐days to OC insecticides were calculated using additional data from a take‐home questionnaire completed by 25,291 participants (44% of total). We found no clear evidence of an association between use of OC insecticides and incident cancers ( N = 1,150) ascertained through December, 2002. When we focused on individual insecticides and structurally similar groups (aldrin and dieldrin; chlordane and heptachlor), significantly increased relative risks of some cancers were observed for use of some chemicals (rectal cancer and chlordane, lung cancer and dieldrin, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and lindane, melanoma and toxaphene, leukemia and chlordane/heptachlor). Some significant decreased relative risks were also observed (colon cancer and aldrin; overall cancer and heptachlor). In conclusion, we did not observe any clear relationship between cancer risk and the use of OC insecticides. Our chemical‐specific findings are based on small numbers and multiple comparisons, and should be interpreted with caution; however, some observed associations (lindane and NHL, chlordane/heptachlor and leukemia) are supported by previous evidence. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Keywords:
Chlordane
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Abstract The 1966 distribution of nine chlorinated insecticides in a 38 cm profile was determined in a Congaree sandy loam soil which had received accumulations of 73 or 146 kg/ha as frequently repeated foliar applications during the 1951, 1952, and 1953 growing seasons. Residues of aldrin (pure and technical—determined as dieldrin because only trace amounts of aldrin were detected), dieldrin, isodrin + endrin, endrin, heptachlor + heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, BHC, toxaphene, and Dilan were found throughout the profile. BHC and isodrin were more uniformly distributed throughout the profile than aldrin, dieldrin, Dilan, toxaphene, and chlordane. Between 85 to 90% of the latter insecticides were concentrated in the upper 23 cm, which probably corresponds to the cultivated layer. Residues were greatest in the 7.6 to 23 cm depths and least below the 23 cm depth. The relative mobility of the insecticides was: BHC ≥ isodrin > heptachlor > endrin > toxaphene ≥ dieldrin ≥ aldrin ≥ Dilan ≥ chlordane.
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This chapter contains sections titled: General Discussion Lindane Aldrin Dieldrin Endrin Heptachlor Chlordane Endosulfan DDT p,p′-DDD p,p′-DDE Methoxychlor Perthane Chlorobenzilate Mirex Kepone Toxaphene Strobane Chlorbenside Chlorophacinone
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The possible presence of 10 organochlorine insecticides (aldrin, heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan, p,p’-DDE, p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, chlordane, endrin and dieldrin) in the sediment and water of a lake and river that flow through the Kelab Danau UKM were examined. Altogether six sampling sites were surveyed and three samplings within a period of three months were carried out in 2001. The insecticides were analysed by using gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. The results showed that endrin, chlordane and aldrin were present in all water samples with concentrations for endrin: 0.02-0.21 µg/L, chlordane: 0.05-0.16 µg/L and aldrin: 0.03-0.13 µg/L. Lindane and heptachlor were rarely detected in the water samples. For sediment, lindane, endrin and heptachlor were detected in all sediment samples. Their levels in sediments were 0.28-0.53 µg/kg for lindane, 0.06-0.53 µg/kg for heptachlor and 1.06-2.06 µg/kg for endrin. Insecticides such as p,p' -DDE, p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, endosulfan and dieldrin were not detected in sediments or water during most samplings. The presence of organochlorine insecticides in the aquatic environment of the golf club area may be attributed to the input from usage. Another source would be from the river upstream outside the golf club flow through an area of oil palm plantation, where these insecticides might have been used for pest control in the past.
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본 연구에서는 토양 중 POPs 오염수준을 토지이용형태별로 구분·조사하여 오염특성을 규명하고 효율적인 토양 중 POPs 오염물질 관리방안 마련에 필요한 자료를 제공하였다. 농약류 중 Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin, Mirex, Toxaphene이 모든 지역에서 검출되지 않았고 Dieldrin은 N.D.-12.08 ㎍/㎏, Chlordane은 N.D.-16.08 ㎍/㎏, ∑DDT는 N.D.-38.19 ㎍/㎏, HCB는 N.D.-1.32 ㎍/㎏의 범위를 나타냈다. PCBs는 N.D.-172.12 ㎍/㎏의 범위로 절연유오염지역이 높게 나타났으며, PCDD/Fs는 N.D.-6.68 pg I-TEQ/g으로 공단지역이 비교적 높게 나타났다.
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Abstract This chapter presents information on chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides belong to a structural class containing carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine; some contain oxygen. Although many pesticides can meet this basic definition, organochloride hydrocarbons, the focus of this chapter, share basic characteristics of high persistence (where persistence is defined as halflife greater than 2 months in water or 6 months in soil sediment), low polarity, low aqueous solubility and high lipid solubility. This group contains pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), lindane. chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex. Based on their persistence in the environments, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
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