Age‐Related Changes in Hematology and Plasma Chemistry Values of Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)
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Abstract:
Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis ) are an important aquaculture species yet there are few diagnostic tools available to assess their health. Hematology and clinical chemistry analyses are not used extensively in fish medicine due to the lack of reference intervals for various fish species, and because factors such as age can affect blood values. There is little published information regarding age-related changes in blood values of juvenile fish. It is important to evaluate juvenile fish, as this is the time they are raised in aquaculture settings. Determining age-related changes in the blood values of fishes would further develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool, enhancing both fish medicine and the aquaculture industry. The results of standard hematology and clinical chemistry analysis were evaluated in juvenile hybrid striped bass at 4, 6, 9, 15, and 19 months of age. Values for PCV and RBC indices were significantly lower, and plasma protein concentration was significantly higher in younger fish. Total WBC and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in fish at 6 and 9 months of age, while neutrophil and monocyte counts were higher at 6, 9, and 15 months. Eosinophil counts were significantly higher in 9-month-old fish. The majority of hematologic values fell within previously established reference intervals, indicating that only slight modification to the intervals is necessary for evaluating hematologic results of hybrid striped bass at different ages. The following analytes deviated sufficiently from adult reference intervals to warrant separate reference values: plasma protein concentration at 4 months, WBC and lymphocyte counts at 15 and 19 months, and thrombocyte-like-cells at 9 months of age. Values for most biochemical analytes were significantly different among age groups except for creatinine and potassium concentrations. Comparisons with reference intervals were not made for biochemical analytes, because established reference intervals were not available. Age-related changes in hematologic and biochemical values of striped bass were similar to those reported for rainbow trout and mammals.Keywords:
Hematology
Morone
We determined food of and habitat use by juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus, striped bass Morone saxatilis, and white bass Morone chrysops over a 6-year period (1981–1986) in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma–Texas. Largemouth bass, spotted bass, and white bass are native to the river basin and reservoir, whereas striped bass are introduced. Diet overlap (based on numbers or weight) was highest between the two species of Morone and between the two species of Micropterus, and was also substantial (if based on prey weight) between largemouth bass and striped bass and between largemouth bass and white bass. Diet overlap between field-caught striped bass and largemouth bass was sufficiently high to suggest potential trophic competition between juveniles, but the two species occupied substantially different habitats as juveniles. Spatial segregation seemed sufficient to ameliorate potential competition between the latter two species. A laboratory experiment to test for trophic shifts by coexisting juvenile largemouth bass and striped bass indicated nonsignificant or only marginally significant changes in diets of largemouth bass in the presence of striped bass. Juvenile striped bass overlapped more in habitat and foods with juvenile white bass than with largemouth bass, suggesting a greater potential for negative interactions between the two species of Morone.
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"Aberrant Specimen of White Perch (Morone Americana)." The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 35(3), p. 175
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White (mutation)
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Summary Striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) exposed to a standardized confinement stress had markedly different clinical and endocrinologic responses, compared with hybrid striped bass exposed to the same stress. Plasma cortisol concentration increased at a faster rate and appeared to reach a higher value in striped bass than in hybrid bass. Mean plasma cortisol concentration was 742 ± 43 ng/ml in striped bass, compared with 490 ± 37 and 531 ± 40 ng/ml in striped bass × white perch ( M americana ) and striped bass × white bass ( M chrysops ) hybrids, respectively, after a 45-minute net confinement. Plasma cortisol concentration also remained significantly ( P = 0.003) higher in striped bass for at least 48 hours after the net confinement. These hormonal differences were associated with a markedly lower survival and resistance to infection in striped bass, compared with the hybrids.
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FA155, a 9-page illustrated fact sheet by Cortney L. Ohs, Christian L. Miller, and R. LeRoy Creswell, describes these crosses between striped bass and white bass, commonly called sunshine bass and palmetto bass — geographical distribution and habitat, phases of production, pond, cage, and tank production, feeding, water quality, and marketing. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation Program for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, December 2008. FA155/FA155: Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops (ufl.edu)
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Abstract Previous reports have indicated there are significant differences in both the dietary lysine requirement and the metabolic rate of striped bass and its hybrids. However, there is very little directly comparative data to confirm these suggestions. A series of experiments was conducted to comparatively assess efficiency of protein and energy retention between striped bass Morone saxatilis and sunshine bass M. chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ grown under identical culture conditions. In experiment one, a dose response study was conducted using digestible energy (DE) levels of 3,200 kcal/kg and 3,600 kcal/kg. At each level of DE, six levels of dietary lysine were fed to striped bass and sunshine bass. Ten sunshine bass weighing 3.48 ± 0.08 g or six striped bass weighing 3.23 ± 0.14 g were stocked into 15‐L tanks supplied with single‐pass flow‐through fresh water. After 12 wk on the experimental regime, feed conversion ratios (FCR), weight gain, and % nitrogen (N) retention were determined. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the dietary lysine requirement of both bass groups was similar. The dietary lysine requirement was determined to be 2.0 ± 0.08% of dry diet (or 6.0 ± 0.26 g lysine/1,000 kcal DE), and 1.7 ± 0.08% of dry diet (or 4.7 ± 0.22 g lysine/1,000 kcal DE), for the 3,200 and 3,600 kcal DE/kg diets, respectively. A second experiment comparatively assessed growth, metabolism, and energy partitioning between striped bass and sunshine bass. Two diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with a calculated DE level of 3462 kcal/kg and contained lysine concentrations approximating the published dietary requirements of sunshine bass (low lysine = LL diet) and striped bass (high lysine = HL diet). The diets were fed at an average rate of 2% of body weight/d to 25 juvenile striped bass or hybrid bass held separately in eight 2000‐L single‐pass flow‐through tanks supplied with freshwater. In general, growth performance of sunshine bass was superior to striped bass. Both bass groups performed better when fed the HL diet. Mean FCRs were 1.19 ± 0.12 and 1.94 ± 0.29, respectively, for hybrids and striped bass fed the LL diet (P = 0.066); and 1.17 ± 0.07, and 1‐58 ± 0.08, respectively, for hybrids and striped bass fed the HL diet (P = 0.011). Mean % gain/d values were significantly higher (P = 0.001) for hybrids (2.77 ± 0.85) than for striped bass (1‐30 ± 0.27) when fed the LL diet. When fed the HL diet, mean % gain/d was significantly higher (P = 0.003) for sunshine bass (2.72 ± 0.83) compared to striped bass (1.51 ± 0.25). Additionally, when fed the HL diet, sunshine bass had significantly higher percent nitrogen (P = 0.006) and energy retention (P = 0.014) when compared to striped bass. These results further document that sunshine bass are more efficient at protein and energy retention compared to striped bass in freshwater.
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Aquaculture performance of phase II and phase III sunshine bass (a female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis), palmetto bass (a female striped bass × male white bass), and white bass were evaluated in separate 12-week yield trials conducted in indoor recirculating-water systems. Phase II sunshine bass, palmetto bass, and white bass had mean initial weights of 40.0 g, 39.7 g, and 41.0 g, respectively. A diet containing 40.2% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish twice daily at a rate of 3% body weight/d. At the end of the trial, sunshine bass and white bass had mean weights of 124.2 g and 126.0 g, respectively and were significantly larger than palmetto bass (93.5 g mean weight). Phase II sunshine bass and white bass outperformed palmetto bass by having higher relative growth (h), mean daily growth, and relative weight, as well as better feed conversion ratios (weight of food fed/weight gained). Survival was 100% for all three taxonomic groups. In the phase III study, mean initial weights for sunshine bass (177.5 g) and palmetto bass (185.9 g) were similar but significantly greater than the mean initial weight of white bass (153.8 g). In this trial, fish were fed a floating trout chow (44.1% CP) to satiation twice per day. At the termination of the study, sunshine bass (611.1 g) and palmetto bass (517.8 g) had significantly greater mean weights than white bass (254.4 g). Significant differences among all three taxonomic groups were found for h and for mean daily growth rate. Both crosses of hybrid striped bass had lower feed conversion ratios when compared with white bass. Relative weight values (ratio of a fish's weight to the weight of a standard fish of the same length) for sunshine bass were significantly greater than values for palmetto bass and white bass. Survival rates ranged from 98% to 100% for the three taxonomic groups. Differences were not detected between sunshine bass and palmetto bass for eviscerated percentage, headed and eviscerated percentage, or dressout percentage. Sunshine bass outperformed palmetto bass at phase II and phase III sizes under the conditions of this study.
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Hybridization within the genus Morone was made possible by the development of methods to use hormones to induce final maturation and ovulation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). This research was being done in the early 1960s, and by 1965 the “original” cross of striped bass female x white bass male (M. chrysops) was made in South Carolina. Since that time all Morone species have been hybridized with striped bass, but none has gained the acceptance of the striped bass x white bass cross. More recently it was found that a white bass female x striped bass male exhibited the same characteristics as the “original” cross. Striped bass x white bass fingerlings made by using either striped bass females or white bass females are now available to growers. General information about techniques now used in hatcheries to produce hybrid striped bass follows.
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Following an unintentional introduction of white perch (Morone americana) into Kaw Reservoir, Oklahoma, questions were raised about the potential impacts this new species may have on resident sport fish populations. White perch, white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), and white bass (Morone chrysops) were collected from 2001 through 2004 using a variety of sampling techniques. White perch catch rates were low with all sampling methods. White crappie and white bass catch rates have remained within or exceeded historical ranges. White perch growth rates were slow, especially for fish reaching age-2+, and a sectioned otolith viewing method was more effective than a whole view method. White crappie mean length-at-age for age-1, age-2, and age-3 fish was significantly less during this study than historical samples prior to white perch introduction. Little diet overlap between the white perch and the other two target species was observed. Moderate diet overlap (0.544) was observed between white perch and white bass less than 200 mm total length. It appears that the current white perch population in Kaw Reservoir has not negatively affected the white crappie or white bass populations. © 2007 Oklahoma Academy of Science
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White (mutation)
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