Effects of temperature, triazole and hot-pressing on the performance of TiO2 photoanode in a solid-state photoelectrochemical cell
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WO3 photoanodes with remarkable photocurrent densities are presented. These photoanodes were prepared from three different commercially available WO3 nanopowders. Doctor blading of the nanopowders followed by a short annealing in air led to nanostructured films. The best photoanode showed a photocurrent density of 3.5 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE in 1 m CH3 SO3 H under AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW cm-2 ), surpassing values reported so far for bare WO3 photoanodes. The study also showed that the photocurrent was strongly dependent on the electrolyte, indicating oxidation of the electrolyte rather than of water. Oxygen evolution measurements performed in different electrolytes revealed that the amounts of oxygen were highly dependent on the electrolyte. By comparing the photocurrent values in the different electrolytes with the amount of evolving oxygen, it was found that the electrolyte producing the highest photocurrent was the electrolyte with the lowest oxygen evolution. Stability measurements showed that the more oxygen is produced, the less stable is the photoanode. These results clearly underline the difficulty to correlate the photocurrent values with oxygen evolution, drawing the attention to one of the major limitations of photoelectrochemical water splitting.
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Abstract [60]Fullerene-linked quarter- and octithiophenes with a disulfide anchoring group have been synthesized, and a photovoltaic cell with a gold electrode modified with the octithiophene derivative showed a large photocurrent under illumination of visible light.
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Abstract The influence of the pH on the photoelectrochemical behavior of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ is examined at a highly doped SnO 2 electrode. An important photocurrent increase from pH 11 to 13 is explained by the photochemical production of a long‐lived reductant generated from Ru(bpy) 3 2+ . Photocurrent observations at metallic electrodes and the photogalvanic cell behavior confirm this interpretation. Furthermore, a modification of the SnO 2 electrode by the ruthenium complex has been pointed out.
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Abstract— Reaction center (RC) complexes isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R‐26 were dried as a film onto platinum and semiconductor (SnO 2 ) electrodes. The light‐induced primary charge separation which occurs across the biological complex couples electrically with the SnO 2 but not with the metal electrode on the time scale of observation. As the working electrode in a two‐electrode photoelectrochemical cell, RC‐coated SnO 2 generated photovoltages as high as 80 mV and photocurrents as high as 0.5µA·cm 2 when exposed to light of λ >600nm. The number of quinone molecules per RC strongly influences the photovoltage and photocurrent observed. Photo‐effects generated by RC electrodes persist after several days of storage; however, the kinetics and polarity of the effects are subject to change. The potential use of RC electrodes lies more as a new probe of photosynthetic electron transport rather than as a solar energy conversion device because modification to the RCs and their environment affect the electrical properties of the cell. An energy‐level model is proposed to explain how the photoelectrochemical cell functions.
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We demonstrate that the experimentally obtained photocurrent density (mA/cm2) of a WO3 based photoelectrochemical cell decreases as a function of increasing photoactive area. This trend is predominantly caused by a non-linear decrease in resistance of the interface between the conducting FTO electrode and the photoactive material (WO3), as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In agreement with this observation is that the relatively high interfacial resistance of large area electrodes can be reduced by introduction of conductive layers, as is evident from improved photocurrents obtained for relatively large, graphitized C70 modified WO3 photo-electrodes.
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