Breeding for Soybean Hypocotyl Length at 25 C1
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The effectiveness of breeding for soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) hypocotyl length at 25 C was evaluated by examining segregation from crosses between long, intermediate, and short hypocotyl cultivars and performance of the parent cultivars. Progeny were evaluated in F 1 and F 2 as individual seedlings and in F 3 as the mean of 24 seedlings for each F 2 line. All tests for hypocotyl length were conducted in the dark in growth chambers maintained at 25 ± 1 C. Evaluation of individual seedlings for the parent cultivars indicated that there was an environmental influence on hypocotyl length, particularly for the intermediate cultivars. There was little overlap in the single plant distributions for long and short hypocotyl cultivars, but the distributions for intermediate cultivars had considerable overlap. Progeny from crosses between long hypocotyl cultivars were similar to the parents in hypocotyl length. Crosses of long ✕ intermediate and long ✕ short parents had segregation typical of a major gene with dominance for long hypocotyls. The F 2 lines in F 3 generally were within the range of the parents for intermediate ✕ intermediate, intermediate ✕ short, and short ✕ short crosses. Selection for genetic differences in hypocotyl length at 25 C is possible. To select for long hypocotyl genotypes, crosses should include at least one long hypocotyl parent. In crosses involving only intermediate and short hypocotyl parents, transgressive segregates may be found that exceed the length of the best parent; however, the frequency of superior segregates in such crosses probably will be low. Selection for hypocotyl length on a single plant basis is hampered by environmental effects. In a segregating population, selection for long hypocotyl genotypes on a single plant basis will eliminate many of the short hypocotyl genotypes, but will include some of the intermediate genotypes. A progeny test is the best way to evaluate a genotype's genetic potential for hypocotyl length.Radicle
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Abstract Seedling morphology was studied in nine Indian species of Bauhinia L. Four seedling types were recognized on the basis of germination pattern: (a) crypto‐hypogeal; (b) semicrypto‐geal; (c) phanero‐epigeal and (d) phanero‐geal. The seedling types, foliar and storage cotyledons, forms and length of hypocotyl, presence or absence of cataphylls, phyllotaxy and depth of lobing of first two leaves provide essential characters for the identification of the investigated taxa of the genus.
Bauhinia
Epigeal
Phyllotaxis
Morphology
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The root crown of Rosa multiflora developes the hypocotyl of seedling,and its length is determined by the length of hypocotyl,which shows rootstocks with long root crown can be obtained by elongating the hypocotyl of seedling.Shading the seedling and treading seedling with GA3 are useful for elongating the hypocotyl.Compartively,seedlings treaded with GA3 apparently elongate its hypocotyl and epicotyl and branches,and have fatal effect on survival of seedlings.Whereas,seedlings shaded only elongate its hypocotyl effectively and suitable shading is not harmful to its survival.
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Shading
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The effect of penicillin on seedling growth and hypocotyl cutting rooting of muskmelon and cushaw are investigated.The results show that the growth of stem and root in muskmelon seedling are promoted obviously by 300*!mg/L penicillin and 400*!mg/L penicillin is optimum concentration accelerating rooting of hypocotyl cutting of muskmelon.The optimum concentration of penicillin promoting growth of stem and root of cushaw seedling is 400*!mg/L.In the range of 300～400*!mg/L,400*!mg/L penicillin shows the biggest promting effect on rooting of hypocotyl cutting of cushaw.Soluble surgar all incrase in the muskelon and cushaw.
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The effect of temperature on hypocotyl elongation and seedling emergence of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] varieties was studied under laboratory and field conditions. Hypocotyl elongation of darkgrown ‘Ford’ seedlings was severely inhibited at 25 C, but was normal at 15, 20, and 30 C. Hypocotyl elongation of ‘Hawkeye’ was normal at all four temepratures. Twenty‐five varieties were classified according to their ability to emerge from 10 cm of sand at 25 C. Distinct varietal differences in emergence ability were evident and appeared to be genetically controlled. Instances of erratic emergence of soybean plantings may be partially explained on the basis of depth of planting, variety, and soil temepratures during the germination period.
Elongation
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Abstract There is a need to determine if alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa ) can be selected for low concentrations of allelopathic compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate alfalfa cultivar differences in autotoxic traits in relation to various concentrations of aqueous extracts. Plant extracts from seven alfalfa cultivars (Apollo‐Supreme, Arrow, Vernal, DK‐125, Dawn, Pioneer 5472, and Magnum III) were evaluated in the laboratory for autotoxic effects on the same cultivar at four levels of extract solution (10, 20, 30, and 40% w/v). Double‐distilled water was used as a control. Germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling dry weight were measured to determine the effect of the same cultivar extracts on alfalfa growth. These parameters were significantly reduced as the extract concentration increased. The highest concentration (40%) caused the greatest reduction in hypocotyl and radicle length, seedling dry weight, germination percentage, and seedling vigor in all cultivars. It also significantly increased the time required for germination. Autotoxicity effects were significantly different among the various cultivars. Cultivars may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: Pioneer 5472, Arrow, Magnum III, Vernal, Apollo‐Supreme, DK‐125 and Dawn. The results indicate that there may be genetic differences among cultivars for resistance to alfalfa autotoxicity, and that selection for low autotoxicity may be possible.
Allelopathy
Radicle
Medicago sativa
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This study shows results of laboratory analyses of the traits of seeds (germination and germination energy) and seedlings (root and hypocotyl length, total seedling length) of the two perennial ryegrass cultivars: diploid ‘Bartwingo’and tetraploid ‘Calibra’ before and after 9 months of storage at the temperatures of 10oC, -20oC and -80oC in tightly sealed containers. Seed traits were significantly different at different temperatures (p=0.01). For both cultivars germination and germination energy gained the best results at -80°C in comparison to the values before storage. Obtained values of the seedling traits tested were significantly lower after 9 months storage (p=0.01). For the ‘Bartwingo’ cultivar, the slightest difference in the values of seedling traits before storage was gained at 10°C, while the ‘Calibra’ cultivar gained the same at -20°C. After 9 months storage at different temperatures the ‘Bartwingo’ diploid cultivar showed higher values of germination and germination energy, while the ‘Calibra’ tetraploid cultivar developed longer root and hypocotyl length, and total seedling length. Such investigations provide an opportunity for preserving perennial ryegrass seeds at lower temperatures in long term storage.
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The monogeneric early divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae (Trithuria) was formerly placed in the monocots and shows several features that are at least superficially monocot like. Seedlings of Hydatellaceae are unusually diverse and have been interpreted as either dicotylar or monocotylar. We provide the first detailed developmental description of seedlings of Trithuria lanterna (including the first data on mature embryos of tropical Hydatellaceae) as a basis for the general discussion of seedling diversity in Hydatellaceae. Seedlings at various stages after germination were studied using serial sections and scanning electron microscopy. The embryo is dicotylar. It lacks pronounced asymmetry and lacks a plumule before seed germination. In the majority of seedlings, the cotyledons are free and appear attached to the seedling axis at different levels. In other seedlings, the cotyledons are united via a non haustorial leaf like organ; this alternative condition represents a novel type of syncotyly for seed plants and a second type of syncotyly recorded for Hydatellaceae. Seedling morphology is determined by strong one sided growth of the hypocotyl, which is an unusual way of overcoming the basic seed plant spatial constraint at germination. The direction of one sided growth is independent of cotyledon orientation and could be environmentally determined. Seedlings provide synapomorphies for the two major clades of Trithuria, which can be regarded as subgenera. Although no direct homology is inferred, the exceptional degree of morphological variation in Hydatellaceae seedlings, including the variable occurrence of several superficially monocot like features, leads us to hypothesize that the stem group of monocots could have exhibited an analogous degree of variation in cotyledon morphology. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 551–573.
Morphology
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Seed dispersal, germination and seedling establishment are affected by various ecological factors in desert plant species. Tamarix ramosissima has evolved multiple strategies to facilitate its survival in harsh environments during the early stages of development. In this study, we investigated the effects of different ecological factors on seed germination and seedling growth, the function of the seed pappus in seed dispersal, as well as the function of the hypocotyl hairs in seedling establishment. We found that the seed germination of T. ramosissima was rapid and could occur under a wide range of temperatures (5-30 °C), after long periods of storage (at least 12 months on dispersal), under high concentrations of salts (700-900 mmol·L-1) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (500 g·L-1) and under medium concentrations of alkalis (300-500 mmol·L-1). Lower concentrations of salts and PEG promoted seedling growth. The seed pappus had no effect on seed germination, but it might function as an accessory structure that provides a buoyancy force and promotes long-distance seed dispersal. The hypocotyl hairs located on the edge of the hypocotyl end might aid the upright positioning of the seedlings during early development, especially when seed germination occurs under floating or flooding conditions. In conclusion, the germination of T. ramosissima seeds and seedling development can occur under diverse types of abiotic stress, and the seed pappus and hypocotyl hairs played an important role in seed dispersal and seedling establishment.
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The present study was accomplished to study the effect of fourteen cultivars (Keitt, Ewais, White Succari, Tommy Atkins, Fajri Klan, Zebda, Alphonso, Sedeek, Naomi, Mesk, Baladi Dabsha, Baladi Arnaba, Cobania and Totapuri) of Mangifera indica L. leaves aqueous extracts (MILAE) on germination and some growth parameters as well as seedling protein profile of Hibiscus esculentus L. (okra seeds) in mixed cropping system. The study was extented to characterize and discriminate among the aforementioned cultivars. The allelopathic potential of fourteen cultivars of M. indica leaves aqueous extracts (MILAE) on germination efficiency and growth parameters of H. esculantus L. seeds (as a recipient bioassay material) was completely studied. Hypocotyl length (HL) was more sensitive than radicle length (RL) for all studied cultivars. At the all concentrations level, Mesk cultivar exerted the highest allelopathic effect, while Totapuri cultivar showed the lowest one on the germination percentage (GP), inhibition percentage (IP), the time to get 50% germination (T50), mean germination time (MGT), germination energy (GE), seed germination index (SGI), emergence percentage (EP), mean emergence time (MET), seedling emergence index (EI), seedling vigour index (SVI), hypocotyl (HL) and radicle (RL) lengths, seedling fresh (SFW) and dry (SDW) weights.Seedling protein electrophoresis data revealed that Tommy Atkins cultivar attained the minimum values for both the number of bands and the percentage of polymorphism, 6 bands and 27%, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum values were achieved from both Naomi and Totapuri cultivars, 11 bands and 51%. Reversibly, the genomic template stability (GTS %) oscillated from 32% in Cobania cultivar to 64% in specimen Tommy Atkins cultivar. The resulted dendrograms by using allelopathic and molecular data as well as seedling protein electophoresis ascertains three aggregations. The first assembly includes Sedeek, Naomi and Mesk cultivars. The second gathers Keitt and Ewais cultivars. While, the third clusters Fajri Klan, Zebda and Alphonso cultivars.
Radicle
Allelopathy
Abelmoschus
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