Effect of ammonia on ozone-initiated formation of indoor secondary products with emissions from cleaning products
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Experimental device was created to model stable atmosphere. The device consists of the glass vessel filled with air. Volume of the vessel is 30 litres. The ammonia concentration is similar to stable air. Amount of ozone in 2.4 mg was added and subsequently weight loss of ammonia was measured. Measurements were performed at different temperatures (20°C, 45°C) and different air humidity. The observed ratio of reacting ozone and ammonia is 5.2:1. It was also found, that this ratio is practically independent of temperature and relative humidity that occur in a stable environment. The results are the basis for the design of ozone air purification technology.
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Ammonia nitrogen wastewater (about 100 mg/L) was treated by two-stage ozone oxidation method. The effects of ozone flow rate and initial pH on ammonia removal were studied, and the mechanism of ammonia nitrogen removal by ozone oxidation was discussed. After the primary stage of ozone oxidation, the ammonia removal efficiency reached 59.32% and pH decreased to 6.63 under conditions of 1 L/min ozone flow rate and initial pH 11. Then, the removal efficiency could be over 85% (the left ammonia concentration was lower than 15 mg/L) after the second stage, which means the wastewater could have met the national discharge standards of China. Besides, the mechanism of ammonia removal by ozone oxidation was proposed by detecting the products of the oxidation: ozone oxidation directly and ·OH oxidation; ammonia was mainly transformed into NO₃(-)-N, less into NO₂(-)-N, not into N₂.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Ozonolysis of Olefinic Compounds Ozonolysis of Acetylenes Ozonolysis of Aromatic Compounds Ozonolysis of Heterocycles Ozonolysis of Carbon–Heteroatom Double Bonds Ozonolysis in Synthesis Ozonolysis in Organic Analysis References
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Hexafluoro acetone CF3COCF3 has been shown to react rapidly with the CH2OO, CH3CHOO, and (CH3)2COO intermediates that are formed in the ozonolysis of C2H4, trans-2-C4H8, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, respectively, and to form products tentatively assigned to the corresponding secondary ozonides. Relative rate method applied to the C2H4 ozonolysis has indicated that CF3COCF3 reacts ∼13 times faster than CH3CHO. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Int J Chem Kinet 31: 261–269, 1999
Reactivity
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Ozonide
Triethylamine
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Abstract A review of the ozonolysis of low molecular weight haloalkenes in solution is presented. The reaction products from the fluoroethylene series are discussed in detail. Secondary ozonides can be obtained from these alkenes although the yields decrease markedly with increased fluorination and diminish to negligible quantities with C 2 F 4 . Compared to alkylethylenes, a greater variety of products are obtained including some epoxides and fluorocyclopropanes. Yield data are supplemented by isotopic labeling results to elucidate the ozonolysis mechanism. The evidence indicates that the final ozonides are formed by the three step Criegee reaction mechanism although the stereoselectivity of the reaction differs from nonhaloalkenes.
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The ozonolysis reaction was used to prepare the steroidal aldehyde, 3-ketobisnor-4-cholen-22-al from 4,22-stigmastadien-3-one. Methylene chloride was used as the solvent. When aldehydes are prepared by ozonolysis, exactly the right amount of ozone must be added. An infrared method makes it possible to follow quantitatively the rate of disappearance of double bonds and locate the end point exactly.
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イソオイゲノ一ルをクロロホルム中でオゾン化する場合,主生成物であるワニリンおよびアセトアルデヒド以外に0.85mo1に相当する活性酸素を有する過酸化物の存在することをすでに報告した。クロマトストリップ法で4種の過酸化物の存在を認め,そのうち主要な生成物と考えられる2種の過酸化物を分離分析した。その結果,これらは2,3-ブチレンオゾニドおよびワニリリデン-エチリデンジペルオキシドであることがわかり,オゾン化の第2次段階を明らかにすることができた。
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Abstract The reaction between olefins and ozone to form aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, etc., is known as the Criegee ozonolysis. This reaction occurs in three steps: formation of primary ozonides, splitting of primary ozonides, and formation of secondary ozonides. The study finds that the electron‐donating groups accelerate the reaction, and the electron‐withdrawing groups decrease the reaction rate. This reaction has application for structure determination as well as synthetic purposes and it is found that the ozonolysis of olefins is one of the major methods of forming aerosol.
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