Resistance of polychaete species and trait patterns to simulated species loss in coastal lagoons
Sarah FaulwetterNafsika PapageorgiouPanayota KoulouriLucia FaniniEva ChatzinikolaouVasiliki MarkantonatouChristina PavloudiGiorgos ChatzigeorgiouKleoniki KeklikoglouKaterina VasileiadouAlberto BassetMaurizio PinnaIlaria RosatiSofia ReizopoulouArtemis NicolaidouChristos Arvanitidis
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Dominance (genetics)
Trait
Species distribution
The effect of prey size on growth of the carnivorous polychaete Halla okudai was evaluated in feeding experiments by combining three size classes of the prey, the clam Ruditapes philippinarum, with three size classes of the polychaete. Small polychaetes showed a significantly higher growth efficiency (growth increment / ingested portion of prey, measured as energy content) with small prey than with large ones. The reverse relation was observed in medium and large polychaetes. These results suggest that the optimal size of prey for this polychaete is 10 to 20% of its own body weight. The amount of jelly-like material secreted by the polychaete during handling increased with prey size; thus, handling was considered to be another large cost in the foraging behavior, in addition to the energy expended in searching.
Ruditapes
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We present an updated checklist, with taxonomical classification of Marine Polychaete since 1932 based on the available literature on the Nicobar Islands. The systematic lists of all the valid marine polychaete species with their bathymetry distribution are provided. Total of 69 polychaete species, 41 genera, 23 families and 6 orders were reported from Nicobar Islands coastal waters.
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O NE COMPLETE POLYCHAETE SPECIME N and two fragments collected by E. F. Ricketts in 1940 from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, are described here as members of a new species. The indi viduals concerned were taken from-the . tubes of Spirobranchus incrassatus March, a serpulid polychaete. The new species resembles other polydorids in some charact eristics, but is significantly different from all known species; the differences are discussed below.
Spionidae
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Summary The polychaete Iphitime cuenoti was found inhabiting the branchial chamber of the spider crab Macropodia longirostris in the Isle of Man area. The species of Iphitime and previous records of their occurrence are summarised. The sexual dimorphism of the polychaete is discussed, and its mode of nutrition and relations with its host considered. Ophryotrocha geryonicola, another polychaete inhabiting the branchial chamber of decapods, is compared with Iphitime.
Sexual dimorphism
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Both native and non-native taxa richness patterns are useful for evaluating areas of greatest conservation concern. To determine those patterns, we analyzed fish and macroinvertebrate taxa richness data obtained at 3475 sites collected by the USEPA's National Rivers and Streams Assessment. We also determined which natural and anthropogenic variables best explained patterns in regional richness. Macroinvertebrate and fish richness increased with the number of sites sampled per region. Therefore, we determined residual taxa richness from the deviation of observed richness from predicted richness given the number of sites per region. Regional richness markedly exceeded average site richness for both macroinvertebrates and fish. Predictors of macroinvertebrate-genus and fish-species residual-regional richness differed. Air temperature was an important predictor in both cases but was positive for fish and negative for macroinvertebrates. Both natural and land use variables were significant predictors of regional richness. This study is the first to determine mean site and regional richness of both fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates across the conterminous USA, and the key anthropogenic drivers of regional richness. Thus, it offers important insights into regional USA biodiversity hotspots.
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Dreissena
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At Park Rynie Beach on the KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa, four species of zoanthids were invaded by a sand-tube building polychaete Mesochaetopterus minutus. It is a small polychaete about 15 mm long, which occurs gregariously in dense masses of sandy tubes. M. minutus is an opportunistic species that exploits zoanthid colonies mainly for support and protection from heavy wave action because of the inability of the fragile sandy tube to survive in exposed habitats. Population density studies of the polychaete were undertaken to quantify the degree of invasion of the different zoanthid species. Highest polychaete density was recorded for Zoanthus sansibaricus, the number of polychaetes exceeding 3 500 m−2, followed by Palythoa nelliae, with a density of 2 200 m−2. Polychaete densities were comparatively low in Z. durbanensis and Z. natalensis (<1 000 m−2). No polychaete tubes, however, were seen among the polyps of Isaurus spongiosus.
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What are the local community consequences of changes in regional species richness and composition? To answer this question we followed the assembly of microarthropod communities in defaunated areas of moss, embedded in a larger moss "region." Regions were created by combining moss from spatially distinct sites, resulting in regional species pools that differed in both microarthropod richness and composition, but not area. Regional effects were less important than seasonality for local richness. Initial differences in regional richness had no direct effect on local species richness at any time along a successional gradient of 0.5-16 months. The structure of the regional pool affected both local richness and local composition, but these effects were seasonally dependent. Local species richness differed substantially between dates along the successional gradient and continued to increase 16 months after assembly began. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first critical test of saturation theory that experimentally manipulates regional richness. Further, our results failed to support the most important mechanisms proposed to explain the local richness-regional richness relationship. The results demonstrate that complicated interactions between assembly time, seasonality, and regional species pools contribute to structuring local species richness and composition in this community.
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