Thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection for the determination of tetrodotoxin in biological fluids
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Tetrodotoxin
Flame ionization detector
Thin layers
Flame ionization detector
Soil test
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Aims:The utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production reduces the dependency on fossil fuels as a source of energy and emission of greenhouse gas (GHG).However, studies in this emerging field are hampered by the cost of ethanol quantification methods.Due to the volatile nature of ethanol, the method for the quantification of bioethanol production should be reproducible and rapid to avoid any evaporation loss to the surroundings.Therefore, this study aimed to develop a simple, rapid and precise bioethanol quantification method using a gas chromatographyflame ionisation detector (GC-FID) without having to go through distillation process for ethanol purification. Methodology and results:The bioethanol was produced via consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) using Trichoderma asperellum B1581 and paddy straw.The peak corresponding to ethanol was obtained at 2.347 min with a peak area of 189.66, equating to 0.159% (v/v) or 1.25 g/L ethanol.A comparison between the quantity of ethanol detected by GC-FID and spectrophotometric analysis (340 nm) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the amount of ethanol detected by GC analysis, thus validating the accuracy of the GC method.Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This work presents a simple, precise and reliable method to determine the amount of bioethanol in the sample using a GC-FID.Currently, there are many GC-FID methods available for the determination of ethanol/alcohol in a human blood samples or in beverages but not in bioethanol samples.Thus, this method was developed to facilitate the determination of bioethanol in the samples produced from lignocellulosic materials.
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Dimethyl ether (DME) correction factors in gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and flame ionization detector (FID) by using H2 as carrier gas were determined in this work. The homemade DME gas was quantitatively absorbed in ice-cold water. With ethanol as standard, the aqueous mixture was injected into a gas chromatograph, equipped with serially-connected TCD and FID. The weight correction factors of DME based on methanol were 0.86 and 0.55 for TCD and FID respectively. The result for TCD was also confirmed by calculation based on the stoichiometrical transformation of methanol into DME in reaction gas chromatography.
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Thermal conductivity detector
Dimethyl ether
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Flame ionization detector
Discharge ionization detector
Helium ionization detector
Chromatography detector
Parts-per notation
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Gas chromatography has been applied to the determination of dissolved gases in water, including methane. This article describes a system that can be easily fabricated from any standard gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The methane is stripped from water by means of a carrier gas and analyzed in the chromatograph. The method is capable of detecting methane in water in concentrations as low as 0.02 mg /l. Any ethane in the sample would be resolved by the gas chromatograph and appear as a separate peak with a different retention time. The flame ionization detector does not respond to dissolved permanent gases or other inorganic contaminants.
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Methane gas
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The response behavior and performance characteristics of the recently introduced barrier discharge ionization detector (BID) for gas chromatography (GC-BID) were investigated by analyzing different classes of organic compounds such as alcohols, alkanes, cycloaliphatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and others. The results obtained by GC-BID were compared with those of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), aiming to demonstrate the particular merits of the new BID detector over the well-established FID. The response of the BID not only was found to be strongly dependent on the detector settings, but also shows a high dependence on the analyte class and the individual analyte. The sensitivity of the BID detector compared to the FID was higher by a factor of ca. 4 on average when considering all compounds analyzed. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was better than 5% for the majority of the cases. The BID detector showed better precision (lower RSD) in comparison with the FID for the investigated compounds. Linear calibrations were obtained for the analytes over more than four orders of magnitude with coefficients of determination typically higher than 0.999 and the limits of detection varied from 0.04 to 1.48 ng/s for the GC-BID.
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Helium ionization detector
Discharge ionization detector
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Flame ionization detector
Chlorinated paraffins
Carbon fibers
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Volatile substances in beer such as higher alcohol, esters, carbonyl compound and sulfur compound etc. were measured by gas chromatography, the data of which could be used for beer quality analysis, beer production guidance, and beer technology optimization. The pretreatment of volatile substance by gas chromatography mainly included headspace sample injection, distillation, and organic solvent extraction. In view of different volatile substance in beer, PEG column and FID (hydrogen flame ionization detector) were selected in the measurement. Besides, quantitation analysis of involatile compositions in beer could be done by internal standard method or by external standard method.
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Flame ionization detector
Isoamyl alcohol
Cyclohexanol
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