Electrochemical Control of Methane Emission from Lake Sediment Using Microbial Fuel Cells
Hyeon Jin JeonYong‐Keun ChoiRangarajulu Senthil KumaranSunghyun KimKyung Guen SongSeok Won HongMia KimHyung Joo Kim
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Research Department, Korea Biosystems, Anyang 431-070, KoreaReceived February 9, 2012, Accepted March 28, 2012Key Words : Methane emission, Sediment microbial fuel cell, Wetland Recently, a significant amount of attention has beenfocused on greenhouse gases in order to help satisfy theever-increasing demand for global warming preventiontechnology and environmental control.We report a multi-anode paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) capable of generating a power density of 28.4 μW/cm 2 . This MFC features (i) flexible multilayered carbon anodes for bacterial attachment and (ii) paper reservoirs for holding the anolyte and catholyte for an extended period of time. By using the multi-anode MFC, the power and current densities increased by 5x and 3x, respectively, compared to a single anode one. The paper-based MFC is expected to be a simple and easy-to-use power source for single-use diagnostic biosensors because even sewage or soiled water in a puddle can become an excellent source for operating MFCs and harvesting electricity through bacterial metabolism.
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This paper discusses the greenhouse gas emissions which cause the global warming in the atmosphere. In the 20th century global climate change becomes more sever which is due to greenhouse gas emissions. According to International Energy Agency data, the USA and China are approximately tied and leading global emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. Together they emit approximately 40% of global CO2 emissions, and about 35% of total greenhouse gases. The developed and developing industrialized countries together emit 90% of the global CO2 equivalent gases. Due to global warming the ocean levels are increasing, as a result most of the coastal areas will submerge by 2050, and some insects and animals will extinct. Hence immediate steps to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to safe the future generations. The paper emphasizes on the affects of global warming and different ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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This paper discusses the greenhouse gas emissions which cause the global warming in the atmosphere. In the 20th century global climate change becomes more sever which is due to greenhouse gas emissions. According to International Energy Agency data, the USA and China are approximately tied and leading global emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. Together they emit approximately 40% of global CO2 emissions, and about 35% of total greenhouse gases. The developed and developing industrialized countries together emit 90% of the global CO2 equivalent gases. Due to global warming the ocean levels are increasing, as a result most of the coastal areas will submerge by 2050, and some insects and animals will extinct. Hence immediate steps to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to safe the future generations. The paper emphasizes on the affects of global warming and different ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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Recently, great attentions have been paid to microbial fuel cells (MFCs) due to their mild operating conditions and using variety of biodegradable substrates as fuel. The traditional MFC consisted of anode and cathode compartments but there are single chamber MFCs. Microorganisms actively catabolize substrate, and bioelectricities are generated. MFCs could be utilized as power generator in small devices such as biosensor. Besides the advantages of this technology, it still faces practical barriers such as low power and current density. In the present article different parts of MFC such as anode, cathode and membrane have been reviewed and to overcome the practical challenges in this field some practical options have been suggested. Also, this research review demonstrates the improvement of MFCs with summarization of their advantageous and possible applications in future application. Also, Different key factors affecting bioelectricity generation on MFCs were investigated and these key parameters are fully discussed.
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Connecting several microbial fuel cell (MFC) units in series or parallel can increase voltage and current; the effect on the microbial electricity generation was as yet unknown. Six individual continuous MFC units in a stacked configuration produced a maximum hourly averaged power output of 258 W m(-3) using a hexacyanoferrate cathode. The connection of the 6 MFC units in series and parallel enabled an increase of the voltages (2.02 V at 228 W m(-3)) and the currents (255 mA at 248 W m(-3)), while retaining high power outputs. During the connection in series, the individual MFC voltages diverged due to microbial limitations at increasing currents. With time, the initial microbial community decreased in diversity and Gram-positive species became dominant. The shift of the microbial community accompanied a tripling of the short time power output of the individual MFCs from 73 W m(-3) to 275 W m(-3), a decrease of the mass transfer limitations and a lowering of the MFC internal resistance from 6.5 +/- 1.0 to 3.9 +/- 0.5 omega. This study demonstrates a clear relation between the electrochemical performance and the microbial composition of MFCs and further substantiates the potential to generate useful energy by means of MFCs.
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There is increasing interest in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) because the manufacturing costs to produce them can be reduced more readily than other fuel cells through the use of a microbe as a catalyst and a familiar organism as fuel. Although MFCs are expected to be used in a range of applications, from large-scale sewage plants to portable power sources, the performance of these cells is worse than that of other fuel cells. Therefore, the aim of this study is to resolve some of the mechanical challenges associated with MFCs. During the fabrication of a prototype MFC, we determined that the poor performance of MFCs is partly due to substantial diffusion polarization across the anode, and we improved cell performance by stirring the anode tank. Moreover, we determined that the concentration of the mediator also influences cell performance. The findings of this study show that it is possible to improve the performance of MFCs using a mechanical approach.
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In this study the feasibility of simultaneous electricity generation and treatment of swine farm wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was examined. Two single-chamber MFCs containing an anode filled with different ratio of graphite felt and stainless-steel cross strip was used in all tests. The proportion of stainless-steel cross strip to graphite felt in the anode of control microbial fuel cell (CMFC) was higher than that of swine microbial fuel cell (SMFC) to reduce construction costs. SMFCs produced a stable current of 18 mA by swine wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of after enriched. The maximum power density and current density of SMFCs were and , respectively. In the CMFC, power density and current density was lower than that of SMFC. CODs decreased by the SMFC and CMFC from to and , achieving 72.7% and 70.6% COD removal, respectively. The suspended solid (SS) of both fuel cells was also reduced over 99% ( to ). The concentration of nutritive salts, , , and , dropped by 65.4%, 57.5%, and 73.7% by the SMFC, respectively. These results were similar with those of CMFC. These results show that the microbial fuel cells using electrode with mix stainless-steel cross strip and graphite felt can treat the swine wastewater simultaneously with an electricity generation from swine wastewater.
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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can, besides running on wastewater, also derive energy directly from certain aquatic plants. However, few studies have focussed on electricity generation using aerobic anodes. This study presents a comparison of the MFC performances of an anaerobic-anode MFC (ana-MFC) and an aerobic-anode MFC (aa-MFC), and shows their individual conditions for optimal operation. Results show that the maximum power density of 7.07±0.45 mW/m2 for the ana-MFC occurred at 500 Ω, whereas the aa-MFC had a maximum power density of 2.34±0.16 mW/m2 at 2200 Ω. The ana-MFC generally achieved high electricity generation, and the aa-MFC achieved relatively high electricity generation when fed with a diluted substrate. In the ana-MFC, the optimal substrate for electricity generation was glucose (fermentable substrate); however, glucose and acetic acid (non-fermentable substrate) were both suitable substrates for the aa-MFC. The optimal gas retention times of the ana-MFC and the aa-MFC were 9 and 120 s, respectively. This retention time is an important limiting factor of electricity generation for the ana-MFC. The aa-MFCs fed with different substrates exhibited non-significant differences between bacterial communities. We observed the relative diversities of bacterial communities in the ana-MFC fed with various substrates. The results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis suggest that Ochrobactrum intermedium, Delftia acidovorans, and Citrobacter freundii may be potential electrogenic bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the MFC performances of anaerobic and aerobic anodes.
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