Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiance on maize yield formation and structure: a field evaluation
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Stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiance may have adverse impacts on the productivity of agricultural crops. Though only a small portion of the total solar electromagnetic spectrum, UV-B irradiance has a disproportionately large photobiological effect, largely because it is readily absorbed by important macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of UV-B enhancements on plants includes a reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility to disease, and changes in plant structure and pigmentation. Many experiments examining UV-B radiation effects on plants were conducted in growth chambers or greenhouses. It has been questioned if the effect of UV-B radiation on plants can be extrapolated to field responses from indoor studies because of the unnaturally high ratios of UV-B/UV-A and UV-B/PAR in many indoor studies. Field studies on UV-B radiation effect on plants have been recommended in order to use the UV and PAR irradiance provided by natural light. This study found the maize yield formation and yield structural elements responded to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions. Enhanced UV-B radiation caused a significant reduction of the dry matter accumulation and the maize grain yield in turn was affected. Analysis of yield structure indicates that the maize yield decreased with increased UV-B radiation and was evidently related to the decreased kernel weight and kernel number per ear.Keywords:
Ultraviolet B radiation
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Skin cancer is a rising incident worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Though the ultraviolet rays constitute a very small portion of the solar spectrum, the radiation can cause several effects like sunburn, premature skin aging, allergies, and skin cancer. Effective methods to block the ultraviolet rays from human skin are urgently sought as the intensity of ultraviolet rays are increasing every year. Several means give protection to human skin against ultraviolet radiation. This chapter will discuss the ultraviolet rays and the importance of protection from these rays. The methods of blocking the ultraviolet rays, the measurement system of ultraviolet protective factor (UPF), and the clothing factors affecting UPF will also be discussed. This chapter will also give insight into the available types of ultraviolet absorbers and commercial ultraviolet protective clothing. The nanoparticle coatings for ultraviolet protective finish and the durability of ultraviolet finishes will also be discussed briefly.
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Sunburn
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Ultraviolet light
Sun protection factor
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Ultraviolet (UV) exposure significantly contributes to non-melanoma skin cancer. In the context of health, UV exposure is the product of time and the UV Index (UVI), a weighted sum of the irradiance I(lambda) over all wavelengths from lambda = 250 to 400nm. In our analysis of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's UV-Net database of over four-hundred thousand spectral irradiance measurements taken over several years, we found that the UVI is well estimated by UVI = 77 I(310nm). To better understand this result, we applied an optical atmospheric model of the terrestrial irradiance spectra and found that it applies across a wide range of conditions.
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In order to observe the efficacy of routine monitoring method and ultraviolet photometric detecting device in detecting radiation intensity of ultraviolet lamp,comparison of detection was carried out in clinical application.Results: The routine monitoring method caused injury of eyes and skin of monitors to various degrees and the rate of reaching targeted level of radiation intensity of the ultraviolet lamps was 90.92%.Monitoring with ultraviolet photometric device did not cause injury of skin and eyes of monitors and the rate of reaching targeted level of radiation intensity of the ultraviolet lamps was 96.94%.Conclusion: Use of ultraviolet photometric device to monitor ultraviolet radiation intensity would not injure the eyes and skin of the monitors and the method conforms to the standard with high accuracy.
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Ultraviolet disinfection can effectively destroy waterborne microorganisms. Modeling ultraviolet disinfection includes the solution of the flow field, the radiation field, and the concentration field. Radiation plays an important role in the inactivation kinetics of microorganisms. The present study presents the irradiance method to determine the irradiation flux at the lamp surface, which satisfies the energy conservation law. A careful analysis shows that the fluence rate method may overestimate the emitted energy of the lamp nearly 30–40% and violates the energy conservation law. The simulation of ultraviolet reactors shows that the fluence rate is overestimated by the fluence rate method. The concentration of microorganisms in ultraviolet reactors is also overestimated nearly 32% by the fluence rate method than by the irradiance method. The LOG reduction predicted using the fluence rate method is nearly 50% more than that using the irradiance method. The present irradiance method can ensure energy conservation and predict the correct disinfection performance in ultraviolet reactors.
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The progress of ultraviolet radiation curing ink was summarized.The principle and the composition of ultraviolet radiation curing ink were introduced,the characteristics and the application of ultraviolet radiation curing ink were expatiated.Influences of various factors on the capability of ultraviolet radiation curing ink were discussed.The problem of ultraviolet(radiation) curing ink at present and the development trends of ultraviolet radiation curing ink were presented in this article.
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Destruction of the ozone layer has caused various problems that effect human health and degrade buildings. Compared to inland areas, ultraviolet irradiance in the coastal zone is high. This research aims to measure daily variations in ultraviolet irradiance and the distribution of ultraviolet irradiance inside a seaside house.
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Sunlight
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Measurements from standard illuminants in the ultraviolet and calculations have revealed that some proposed public health standards for ultraviolet irradiance are exceeded at relatively low footcandle levels. This study compares the actual ultraviolet irradiance at the work task with calculated values. It will also provide a beginning to the development of design data for the prediction of ultraviolet irradiance in lighting Installations.
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Ultraviolet (UV) exposure significantly contributes to non-melanoma skin cancer. In the context of health, UV exposure is the product of time and the UV Index (UVI), a weighted sum of the irradiance I(lambda) over all wavelengths from lambda = 250 to 400nm. In our analysis of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's UV-Net database of over four-hundred thousand spectral irradiance measurements taken over several years, we found that the UVI is well estimated by UVI = 77 I(310nm). To better understand this result, we applied an optical atmospheric model of the terrestrial irradiance spectra and found that it applies across a wide range of conditions.
Ultraviolet
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