Immunotoxicity Biomarkers in Fish: Development, Validation and Application for Field Studies and Risk Assessment
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Abstract:
Imunocompetence is usually monitored using a tiered approach that is based upon several parameters including immunopathology, immune function, and host resistance. Through the efforts of numerous investigations, well-characterized immune assays validated in rodents for their sensitivity and reproducibility in assessing xenobiotic-induced immunotoxicity are currently available. Recently, many of these same endpoints have been utilized in non-mammalian species as indicators to predict chemical-induced immunotoxicity. In this laboratory, immune assays that measure immunopathology, antibody-forming cell response to T-dependent antigens, lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage function, antioxidant activity, and host resistance against infectious bacteria have been employed successfully to assess metal-, pesticide-, aromatic hydrocarbon-, and mixture-induced immunotoxicity in laboratory-reared Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). These same assays have also proven successful in feral fish populations for predicting risk(s) associated with habitation in contaminated aquatic environments. For example, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) collected from a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated site had reduced phagocyte function, oxyradical production, and antioxidant levels (compared to reference fish), while circulating leukocyte profiles and lymphocyte proliferation by splenic T-cells were altered in organochlorine-exposed walleye (Stizostedium vitreum vitreum). Results of the aforementioned studies demonstrate that immune assays developed and validated in a laboratory fish model can be successfully applied to feral fish populations to predict the toxicological hazards associated with exposure to immunomodulating aquatic pollutants.Keywords:
Immunotoxicology
Oryzias
Xenobiotic
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Xenobiotic
Immunotoxicology
Immunosuppression
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Xenobiotic
Biotransformation
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The purpose of this study is to establish a simple method to incorporate materials into fertilized fish eggs by using some voltage pulses. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs are used in our research. Medaka fish lay a lot of eggs every day, so it is easy to prepare samples for experiment. Furthermore we can observe their growth through transparent outer-shell with a microscope.
Oryzias
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Oryzias
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In the last 30-40 years, a new scientific direction has been formed, which is studying the effect of xenobiotics on the nonspecific resistance of the organism and the immune system immunotoxicology. The subject of immunotoxicology is the study of the effect on the immune homeostasis of xenobiotics: toxic chemicals (TCh), pharmacological agents and biological agents [1-3]. At the same time, damage to the immune system can be the result of both direct and indirect effects of xenobiotics and/or their metabolites. In addition, xenobiotics (or their metabolites) can develop an immune response with the formation of antibodies. It should be noted, and the possibility of modification of toxic compounds, as a result of which they acquire the properties of antigen. It is also possible the formation of antibodies to the complex toxicant-antigen [1-4].
Immunotoxicology
Xenobiotic
Toxicant
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