Reduction of thyroid hormone receptor c-ERB Aα mRNA levels in the hippocampus of Alzheimer as compared to huntington brain
May Kung SutherlandL. WongMartin J. SomervillePatricia HandleyLarry K.K. YoongC. BergeronD. R. Crapper McLachlan
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Objective To observe the effects of butylphthalide on learning,memory and expressions of hippocampus of Aβ and NR2b in AD rats models.Methods Aggregated Aβ1-40 was injected into the hippocampus of rats by stereotaxic coordinates method,to induced Alzheimer's models.Morris water maze test was used to determine the ability of learning and memory,Aβ and NR2b in hippocampus was measured by immunohistochemical staining.Results Low and high dose group of Butylphthalide could significantly reduce Aβ deposition in hippocampus and promote the expression of NR2b in hippocampus CA1 area effectively(P0.01).Learning and spatial memory of AD rats models improved significantly(P0.01).But there was no significant difference between high-dose group and low-dose group for improving effect of these aspects.Conclusion The change of Aβ and NR2b in hippocampus was related to the learning and memory of AD rats models.Butylphthalide can improve the learning and memory ability of AD rats may by reducing the deposition of Aβ in hippocampus and promoting the expression of NR2b in CA1 area.
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Effect of CCK8, βEP and DA on seizure and their relationship were studied by radioimmunoassay and microinjection in rats. The results were as follows: (1)Seizure was significantly decreased by injecting CCK8 in hippocampus CA 3 area (P01).The effect of CCK8 inhibiting seizure disappeared by injecting L365+CCk8 in hippocampus CA 3 area (P001); (2)The contents of βEP in hippocampus was significantly decreased (P005),but that of CCK8 was significantly increased (P005); (3)The contents of βEP in hippocampus was significantly decreased by injecting CCK8 in hippocampus CA 3 area.Seizure and the contents of βEP in hippocampus were significantly decreased by injecting CCK8 in hippocampus CA 3 area and then inducing seizure(P 001); (4)Seizure was significantly decreased and the contents of CCK8 in hippocampus was significantly increased by injecting βEP antiserum into hippocampus CA 3 area (P005); (5)The contents of DA in hippocampus was significantly increased by injecting CCK8 into hippocampus CA 3 area (P005).The results indicated that CCK8,βEP and DA may have inhibitive relationship and the endogenous βEP may increase seizure.
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Experimental acute toxic hepatitis causes functional reconstruction of the thyroid gland accompanied by intensified levels of total iodine and its hormonal compounds in blood. In most of non-thyroid tissues a decrease in the total and hormonal iodine content is revealed, but in kidneys these indices are considerably higher. The level of the nonhormonal iodine compounds in blood and tissues under study does not essentially vary and only in the liver, heart and lungs the expressed lowering of inorganic iodides is observed.
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After the administration of antithyroid drug, thyroid substance or thyroid stimulating hormone, the weight, the uptake of Radioiodine and iodization in the rat thyroid gland were studied.The separation of the thyroxine from other iodine containing compounds of the thyroid gland were based on the method of Taurog, Chaikoff. The results obtained from the study are as follows:1) The thyroid gland of rat in which hormonal synthesis was blocked by methiocil showed the secondary decrease of I131 uptake and compensatory hypertrophy and increase of weight by the T. S. H.2) The administration of Thyreoidin produced the decrease of I131 uptake and thyroid weight, and the atrophy of the thyroid gland.It's due to the depressing of hormonal synthesis and secretion in the thyroid gland in accordance with the decrease of T. S. H.It means the hypofunction of the thyroid gland.3) The administration of T. S. H. produced an increase of I131 uptake by the thyroid gland and an increaseof hormone secretion, showing hyperfunction of thyroid gland.
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Endocrine gland
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The present study investigated the effect of heavy metals (Mercury chloride) on the morphological andhistological feature of the thyroid gland. Rattus norvegicus male rats were selected for experimental use.the rats given doses of Hg salts (3mg/kg, Ip.3times weekly for 4 week) admin is tration alteredthe body weight, thyroid weight, length and width of thyroid gland. Morphologically, the thyroid glandwas consisted of two labs of reddish brown in color, the lobes were located on ventral Lateral side oftrachea connected caudally with isthmus. While the thyroid gland treated rats recorded changes in color(pale), swollen and enlarged. histologically, the architectural cellular structure gland of the thyroid glandof exposed rats recorded variations in the follicular thyroid, congested blood vessels and depletion of parafollicular cells in the rats treated to Hg in a comparison to that of the control rats. This signify that animalsexposed to Hg could at a risk of thyroid gland.
Mercury
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Endocrine gland
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BAUMANN (1) was the first to recognize that the thyroid gland had the capacity to retain and store iodine. Other workers (2, 3) have shown a positive correlation between functional states of the thyroid gland and thyroidal iodine stores. Since these studies were performed in glands which were removed at operation or at the autopsy table, the data so derived were not applicable to the living patient except in a general way. It is apparent that an experimental method which would allow such studies in vivo would be extremely helpful, both in understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid disease and in helping to determine the type and amount of therapy required. Tracer doses of radioactive iodine which are fixed in the thyroid gland can be released into the blood stream along with stable hormonal iodine in response to administered thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). By comparing the specific radioactivity of the newly secreted hormone with the thyroidal content of I131, it is possible to estimate the hormonal stores of the intact human gland. Becker et al. (4) employed this technique in 3 eu thyroid subjects and assumed that after five to eight days the specific activity of the circulating serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) was equal to that of the thyoidal compartment. In the present study the specific radioactivity of the newly secreted PBI was determined directly, so that equilibration of thyroidal and extrathyroidal PBI compartments was not necessary for valid hormonal store calculations.
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ABSTRACT: This commentary addresses five issues related to the functional role of place cells and the hippocampus. Issue Conclusion 1. Is the cognitive map located in the hippocampus? Not exclusively 2. Is the hippocampus required for path integration? Not exclusively 3. Is the hippocampus involved in selecting the appropriate reference frame? Not exclusively 4. Are all episodic memories encoded by the hippocampus? No 5. Does the hippocampus use attractor networks? Not exclusively Hippocampus 1999;9:452–457. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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