Global wind power development: Economics and policies
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Since energy is an important input for the economic growth of countries and the development of industry, it has become an ever-gradually increasing concept. Countries have started to look for the alternative energy sources and to use it in order to ensure the energy security of supply and to decrease their foreign dependence. Turkish economy is an energy intensive economy. Turkey has been in search of sophisticated energy policy to vary the sources on providing energy security. Turkey is located in a relatively advantageous geographical position, so there is an encouraging atmosphere for the environmental technologies and renewable energy in Turkey. Energy policy, energy efficiency and enviromental sustainability play a critical role in Turkey?s energy agenda. The final objective of the energy policies of Turkey is to use the energy and natural sources efficiently and environment conscious, and to provide the highest contribution for the welfare of the country. Increasing the share of renewable energy sources at producing energy is one of the foremost targets at the energy policy of Turkey. For this reason, renewable energy sources are supported and promoted by government regulation, especially at the begining of operation. Current energy policy of Turkey is to increase the renewable energy share and to maximize benefit from existing potential until 2023.
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This paper deals the existing condition of wind energy in Turkey and mainly focuses on the development of the offshore wind power. Wind energy potential and its feasibility in terms of techno-economic aspect, industrial progress and environmental concerns are studied. By 2015, the total installed offshore wind power capacity of the World has reached 12 GW of capacity. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Turkey because sufficient concerns are not given to the offshore technology and investments, although high potential of wind power density is available on the shores of Turkey. Annual and cumulative comparisons of wind energy throughout the years are also discussed in the context of this study. Territorial distribution of wind energy installations of Turkey is demonstrated that indicated offshore installations of wind power plants are also appropriate for power generation. Comparisons of wind energy potential of Turkey with Europe indicate that Turkey has more wind power potential both on land and sea; however, presently, installed wind power is less with respect to European countries. Potential of wind energy for Turkey was estimated to be 48,000 MW approximately, but current installed power capacity is only 4,718 MW until 2015. It is already planned in 2023 vision to attain 20,000 MW of wind power installments in Turkey where the share of wind power among the cumulative increases with high percentage. Offshore wind power capacity of Turkey is predicted to be 11 MW. Land of Turkey is surrounded by seas on having convenient opportunity in generating energy from available offshore wind power. But, there is no attempt regarding offshore wind power plant installations, yet. Studies on this issue in Turkey are recent attempts and thus this study presents the assessment of available status of offshore wind potential in Turkey
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Net usable onshore wind energy in Japan is known as 6,400 MW, estimated in March 2000. However, there is the need to revise this including offshore based on the latest analytical method, recent development of wind turbine technology, and the latest national land map. This study re-estimated the Japan's onshore and offshore gross wind energy resources as well as the net available wind energy in consideration of social and economic constraints. Based on the estimation, the study then assessed a long-term installation goal and an installation roadmap. Consequently, the potential estimation found 6,434,830 MW for the wind energy resources and 782,220 MW for the available wind energy in onshore and offshore of Japan at annual mean wind speed of 6.5 m/s for onshore and 7.5 m/s for offshore at 80 m height. Furthermore, the roadmap and annual installation capacity was estimated to achieve the long-term installation goal, “the amount of electricity produced by wind turbines exceeds 10% of the Japan's national electricity demand by the year 2050”. As a result, the cumulative targets of wind turbines installation were found as following: 3,000 MW in 2010; 11,310 MW in 2020; 27,000 MW in 2030; 44,300 MW in 2040; and 50,000 MW in 2050. The annual production capacity including replacement of turbines after the year 2030 continues to exceed 2,500 MW every year, therefore the sustainable development of the wind power generation industry is expected.
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With the promotion of renewable energy production and a planned phaseout of fossil fuels until 2040, the offshore wind energy sector has started to expand and will continue to increase its capacity in the upcoming decades. This study presents how the installed capacity can be derived from radar imagery provided by the Sentinel-1 mission for all offshore wind turbines on the entire Earth. By further combining freely available Earth observation and GIS data, commonly reported attributes of the offshore wind energy sector are compiled. All attributes are investigated to provide an in-depth overview of the developments of the offshore wind energy sector over the last five years. Between 2016 and 2021, the installed capacity worldwide grew from 13.5 GW to 40.6 GW. This corresponds to an increase of 27.1 GW or 200\%. In total 8,885 offshore wind turbines (OWTs) were installed until June 2021 with an additional 852 under construction. The European Union (15.2 GW), China (14.1 GW) and the United Kingdom (10.7 GW) are the three major contributors to the offshore wind energy sector. China has seen the largest growth in the last five years of 13 GW, followed by the EU with 8 GW and the UK with 5.8 GW. The provided in-depth analysis at the end of this study describes the offshore wind energy sector to be in a transition phase between decades of maturity and massive growth at a time when carbon-neutral energy production is massively supported. Overall the proposed methods for independent offshore wind turbine capacity estimation and spatiotemporal investigation of the offshore wind energy sector can be used by all stakeholders involved in the upcoming challenge of integrated planning and implementation of offshore wind energy projects.
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Abstract Due to the commissioning of floating wind units, the latest technological developments, significant growth, and improvements in turbines, developments in offshore wind power capacity are estimated to increase faster than in the last two decades. The total installed offshore wind power capacity, which is currently 35 GW, is predicted to be approximately 382 GW by 2030 and approximately 2,002 GW by 2050. For this reason, attempts are proposed to lower levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) for offshore wind power generation more than for other energy sources. In this study firstly, the global growth in the nominal capacity and size of offshore wind turbines over the last twenty years is examined. Then, the effects of this increase in nominal capacity and size on the LOCE, total installation cost (TIC), and turbine capacity factor are investigated. In parallel with this development, the changes in distance to shore and water depth for installation offshore wind power plants are reviewed according to the years. In addition, the effects of this global growth on wind farm capacity, turbine-specific power capacity, number of turbines per GW, and area needed per GW are investigated and discussed in detail.
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In response to the global renewable energy development, the associate transmission line upgrade is significant. The wind resource in Taiwan is abundant, especially in offshore areas. The target for the installed capacity of the offshore winds in Taiwan is up to 3GW by 2025. However, it is necessary to evaluate the potential transmission congestion owing to the offshore wind power integration and identify the maximum allowed capacity of offshore wind power in Taiwan. There are many constraints for wind power integration. One of the main impacts is congestion of the transmission line due to the limitation of transmission capacity. Therefore, this study implemented system simulations under various scenarios and achieved the maximum allowed capacity of the offshore wind power integration in Taiwan. This analysis was based on the constraints of transmission line limits, and the actual system parameters were utilized. The simulation results provide a significant reference to develop Taiwan's offshore wind energy.
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major U.S. coastal cities significantly reduces power transmission issues. The report estimates that U.S. offshore winds have a gross potential generating capacity four times greater than the nation's present electric capacity. According to the report, developing the offshore wind resource along U.S. coastlines and in the Great Lakes would help the nation: (1) Achieve 20% of its electricity from wind by 2030 - Offshore wind could supply 54 gigawatts of wind capacity to the nation's electrical grid, increasing energy security, reducing air and water pollution, and stimulating the domestic economy. (2) Provide clean power to its coastal demand centers - Wind power emits no carbon dioxide (CO2) and there are plentiful winds off the coasts of 26 states. (3) Revitalize its manufacturing sector - Building 54 GW of offshore wind energy facilities would generate an estimated $200 billion in new economic activity, and create more than 43,000 permanent, well-paid technical jobs in manufacturing, construction, engineering, operations and maintenance. NREL's report concludes that the development of the nation's offshore wind resources can provide many potential benefits, and with effective research, policies, and commitment, offshore wind energy can play a vital role in future U.S. energy markets.
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