Habituation as a mechanism of reduced aggression between neighboring territorial male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana).
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Territorial animals often exhibit relatively lower levels of aggression toward familiar territorial neighbors than toward strangers. Habituation to a neighbor or its communication signals has been proposed to account for this reduced aggression between adjacent territorial neighbors. The authors asked whether discrimination between neighbors and strangers by territorial male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) could result from habituation of the aggressive response to repeated presentations of the acoustic communication signals of a simulated new neighbor calling from an adjacent territory. In 3 field playback experiments, the authors found evidence for 5 response characteristics that operationally define habituation. Moreover, aggressive response decrements persisted between nights of chorusing and were specific to an individually distinct property of male advertisement calls. The authors suggest that reduced aggression between neighboring territorial male bullfrogs could result from long-term, stimulus-specific habituation to the advertisement calls of a new neighbor.Keywords:
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Territoriality
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A major inhibitor of the effectiveness of security warnings is habituation: decreased response to a repeated warning. Although habituation develops over time, previous studies have examined habituation and possible solutions to its effects only within a single experimental session, providing an incomplete view of the problem. To address this gap, we conducted a longitudinal experiment that examines how habituation develops over the course of a five-day workweek and how polymorphic warnings decrease habituation. We measured habituation using two complementary methods simultaneously: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and eye tracking.
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Startle response
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The relationships among vocalization, aggressive behavior, and territoriality in Rana catesbeiana were investigated using a playback technique and a ceramic model of a bullfrog. When a tape recording of a mating call was played to a territorial male, he usually attacked the model situated in shallow water by the loudspeaker. These attacks were similar to encounters between fighting males observed under natural conditions. Males responding to playback invariably emitted a curt vocalization, termed a bonk. Experimental evidence and observations strongly suggest that this signal is associated with the establishment and maintenance of territory. By noting the response of the frogs to playback at various points around a pond, it was possible to estimate the dimensions of each male's territory. The three most responsive frogs defended from 9 to 25 m of shoreline, but the territories fluctuated somewhat through a summer
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Abstract Previous research has indicated that an intermodality change trial presented after a habituation series elicits larger orienting responses than does the first stimulus of that series. Experiment 1 ( N = 48) investigated whether this effect was still present if the change stimulus was not novel but was presented once prior to the habituation series. Two groups of subjects were presented with a series of 24 tones or vibrotactile stimuli. Trial 25 was an intermodality change test trial for half of the subjects in each group (change), whereas the remaining subjects received an additional habituation stimulus (no change). Prior to the habituation trials, each subject was exposed once to the test stimulus used in the change condition. Although response magnitude on the test trial was larger in the change condition than in the no‐change condition, test trial response magnitude did not exceed that on the first trial of the habituation series. In Experiment 2 ( N = 84), one group was preexposed to the test stimulus, another was preexposed to an experimentally irrelevant stimulus, and a third received no stimulus prior to habituation training. Test trial response magnitude was larger than responses to the first stimulus of habituation in the change group that was not exposed to a stimulus prior to habituation but not in the preexposed groups. Preexposure to a stimulus prior to habituation training abolished the intermodality change effect even when the test stimulus was novel. The present results pose problems for noncomparator theories of habituation and support the notion that anticipatory processes are important in orienting and habituation.
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Innate defensive responses such as freezing or escape are essential for animal survival. Mice show defensive behaviour to stimuli sweeping overhead, like a bird cruising the sky. Here, we tested this in young male mice and found that mice reduced their defensive freezing after sessions with a stimulus passing overhead repeatedly. This habituation is stimulus specific, as mice freeze again to a novel shape. Habituation occurs regardless of the visual field location of the repeated stimulus. The mice generalized over a range of sizes and shapes, but distinguished objects when they differed in both size and shape. Innate visual defensive responses are thus strongly influenced by previous experience as mice learn to ignore specific stimuli.
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ABSTRACT Two experiments using 12 male subjects were conducted to study the effects of stimulus information on the amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response (OR). Visual stimuli which could be varied along information, contour, and symmetry dimensions were presented. In the first experiment, 2 series of 10 different stimuli each were presented; 1 series was characterized by high information and high contour, the other by low information and low contour. No difference in OR habituation between the 2 series was found. In the second experiment, the 2 series of stimuli were again presented with 3 test stimuli inserted at Trials 3, 6 and 9. Test stimuli differed from habituation stimuli by symmetry or information and/or contour. Changes in stimulus information or contour, but not symmetry, resulted in OR recovery. OR recovery did not result in dishabituation of the following stimuli. Results are interpreted as favoring an information processing model of OR habituation. Findings suggest that laws governing habituation processes under conditions of identical stimulus presentations may differ from those operating when stimuli are variable.
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Orienting response
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Stimulus (psychology)
Orienting response
Second-order stimulus
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