Optical Spectra of Four BL Lacertae Objects
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Many quasi‐simultaneous optical observations of four BL Lac objects were obtained at the Yunnan and Shanghai Observatories. In this paper, data for the optical spectral index of four BL Lac objects are presented. Our results show that the optical spectral index of these BL Lac objects is characterized by variability. The optical spectra of the BL Lac objects H0323+022 and ON 231 flatten when the sources brighten, whereas they steepen for the objects S5 0716+71 and OJ 287.Keywords:
BL Lac object
Optical spectra
Spectral index
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High energy
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Abstract : One of the defining characteristics of BL Lacertae objects is their strong variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. PKS 0537-441 is one such object and is one of the most luminous blazars from radio to gamma-ray wavelengths. It was detected as a strong and highly variable source by EGRET and has been reported several times to be in an active state by Fermi . It is one of the brightest gamma-ray blazars detected in the southern sky so far. The TANAMI (Tracking Active Galactic Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry) program is monitoring PKS 0537-441 at VLBI resolutions. We present 8.4 GHz and 22 GHz images of the milliarcsecond scale structure. We also present our ongoing analysis of the spectral and temporal changes in this object.
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Very-long-baseline interferometry
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BL Lacertae is a blazar at the redshift of z = 0.069, eponym of the BL Lac blazar type. It is also a prototype of the low-frequency-peaked BL Lac (LBL) subclass. It was first detected in sub-TeV gamma-ray range by MAGIC in 2005. In 2015, MAGIC observations of BL Lacertae were triggered by the Fermi-LAT analysis report in the MAGIC group, and were performed during 10 individual nights between 15th and 28th June for a total of 8.6 h. The measured gamma-ray flux varied from 40% to 10% of the Crab nebula flux above 200 GeV in the nights from 15th to 17th June. In particular, a fast variability was found during the nights of 15th and 17th June. We also performed multi-wavelength (MWL) observations in the radio, optical, UV, X-ray and gamma-ray bands, and the MWL light curves indicate that no apparent simultaneous activity in other wavebands accompanying the very high energy gamma-ray flare in June 2015 like an another occurrence of an orphan very high energy flare. In this proceedings we will present the results of the campaign and discuss their implications on our understanding of the object.
BL Lac object
Crab Nebula
Flare
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BL Lacertae is a blazar at the redshift of z = 0.069, eponym of the BL Lac blazar type. It is also a prototype of the low-frequency-peaked BL Lac (LBL) subclass. It was first detected in sub-TeV gamma-ray range by MAGIC in 2005. In 2015, MAGIC observations of BL Lacertae were triggered by the Fermi-LAT analysis report in the MAGIC group, and were performed during 10 individual nights between 15th and 28th June for a total of 8.6 h. The measured gamma-ray flux varied from 40\% to 10\% of the Crab nebula flux above 200 GeV in the nights from 15th to 17th June. In particular, a fast variability was found during the nights of 15th and 17th June. % with a halving time scale of (33+/-9) minutes, statistical errors only. We also performed multi-wavelength (MWL) observations in the radio, optical, UV, X-ray and gamma-ray bands, and %the MWL light curves indicate that the very high energy gamma-ray flare was a so-called orphan flare, %i.e. no simultaneous activity in other wavebands was observed. the MWL light curves indicate that no apparent simultaneous activity in other wavebands accompanying the very high energy gamma-ray flare in June 2015 like an another occurrence of an orphan very high energy flare. In this proceedings we will present the results of the campaign and discuss their implications on our understanding of the object.
BL Lac object
Flare
Crab Nebula
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We have measured multiband optical flux and colour variations for a sample of 12 low-energy peaked blazars (LBLs) on short, day-to-month, time-scales. Our sample contains six BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) and six flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). These photometric observations, made during 2008 September to 2009 June, used five optical telescopes, one in India and four in Bulgaria. We detected short-term flux variations in 11 of these blazars and colour variability in eight of them. Our data indicate that six blazars (3C 66A, AO 0235+164, S5 0716+714, PKS 0735+178, OJ 287 and 3C 454.3) were observed in pre- or post-outburst states, five (PKS 0420−014, 4C 29.45, 3C 279, PKS 1510−089 and BL Lac) were in a low state, while one (3C 273) was in an essentially steady state. The duty cycles for flux and colour variations on short time-scales in these LBLs are ∼92 and ∼33 per cent, respectively. The colour versus magnitude correlations seen here support the hypothesis that BL Lac objects tend to become bluer with increase in brightness; however, FSRQs may show the opposite trend, and there are exceptions to these trends in both categories of blazar. We briefly discuss emission models for active galactic nuclei that might explain our results.
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From many literatures,we have collected 86 Blazars(including 38 BL Lacs and 49 FSRQs about ten years data points of effective observation of Blazars in the radio bands with 22GHz and 37GHz,The average flux densities of two subclasses are calculated,and we also obtained the average abroad spectral index,Some properties are discussed in this paper,Our results shows that the correlation may be existed in the broad band spectral index,redshift and the average flux density
Spectral index
Radio spectrum
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Spectral bands
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We have studied the quasi-simultaneous Spectral Energy Distributions (SED) of 48 LBAS blazars, detected within the three months of the LAT Bright AGN Sample (LBAS) data taking period, combining Fermi and Swift data with radio NIR-Optical and hard-X/gamma-ray data. Using these quasi-simultaneous SEDs, sampling both the low and the high energy peak of the blazars broad band emission, we were able to apply a diagnostic tool based on the estimate of the peak frequencies of the synchrotron (S) and Inverse Compton (IC) components. Our analysis shows a Fermi blazars' divide based on the peak frequencies of the SED. The robust result is that the Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) region divides in two the plane were we plot the peak frequency of the synchrotron SED vs the typical Lorentz factor of the electrons most contributing to the synchrotron emission and to the inverse Compton process. Objects within or below this region, radiating likely via the SSC process, are high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object (HBL), or low/intermediate-frequency peaked BL Lac object (LBL/IBL). All of the IBLs/LBLs within or below the SSC region are not Compton dominated. The objects lying above the SSC region, radiating likely via the External radiation Compton (ERC) process, are Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars and IBLs/LBLs. All of the IBLs/LBLs in the ERC region show a significant Compton dominance.
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3C 66A is an intermediate-frequency peaked BL Lacertae object of uncertain redshift. We report recent observations of the region around the blazar with the MAGIC telescopes. The source was observed and detected in 2009 December and 2010 January, in 2.3 h of good quality data. The signal could clearly be assigned to the blazar 3C 66A, statistically and systematically rejecting the nearby radio galaxy 3C 66B as a possible origin of the gamma-ray signal by 3.6 standard deviations. The derived integral flux above 100GeV is 8.3% of the Crab Nebula flux, and the energy spectrum is reproduced by a power law of photon index 3.64 \pm 0.39(stat.) \pm 0.25(sys.). Within the errors, this is compatible with the spectrum derived by VERITAS in 2009. From the spectra corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light, we only find small differences between the four modellings that we applied, and constrain the redshift of the blazar to z < 0.68.
BL Lac object
Crab Nebula
Extragalactic background light
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The intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lac object 3C 66A was detected in a flaring state by the Fermi-LAT and VERITAS observatories in October 2008. These data and follow-up observations at other wavelengths create a rich sample of light curves and a constraining spectral energy distribution (SED). This is the first time that simultaneous observations at GeV and TeV energies were obtained for a flaring blazar. Results from these joint Fermi-LAT and VERITAS observations are presented in this conference proceeding.
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