Authors' reply: Systematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine in clean- contaminated surgery (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1614–1620)
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Chlorhexidine and its Diacetate and Digluconate salts are used in cosmetics as preservatives. Chlorhexidine Digluconate was slightly toxic in oral and inhalation studies. At cosmetic use concentrations, Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not irritating to the eyes or skin. Positive sensitization reactions were cited in provocative patch testing at 1.0% concentration in patients with eczema, but not in predictive patch testing of 0.05% in normal subjects. In bacterial assays, Chlorhexidine tested both positive and negative for mutagenesis. In two mammalian systems, Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not genotoxic. p-Chloroaniline is a degradation product of Chlorhexidine salts. A study of the degradation of Chlorhexidine revealed minor amounts of p-chloroaniline after 36 weeks storage. Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not carcinogenic in a 2-year drinking water study. On the basis of the data presented in this report, it is concluded that Chlorhexidine and its salts are safe for use in cosmetic products at concentrations up to 0.14% calculated as Chlorhexidine free base; 0.19% as Chlorhexidine Diacetate; 0.20% as Chlorhexidine Digluconate; and 0.16% as Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride.
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In order to study the mechanism of skin contamination, the experiment was carried out by a fresh pig skin. The pig skin was contaminated with carrier free 90Sr-90Y or 32P and after a certain time elapsed, it was sliced off about 0.5mm in thickness. The adhered contamination of outer skin (abbr.; the adhered contamination) or the permeated contamination of inner skin (abbr.; the permeated contamination) in each sliced sample was measured by low back ground G-M counter. The result obtained showed that in regard to 90Sr-90Y and 32P, the adhered contamination changed extraordinarily within 60 min after contamination and then it incresed gradually with an increase of contaminating time and that particularly in the case of 90Sr-90Y, pH of contaminating solution affected much the adhered contamination. Furthermore, 90Y showed a selective adhesion at the broad pH region, that is, from a weak acidity to an alkalinity. On the other hand, the result obtained showed that in regard to 90Sr-90Y and 32P, the permeated contamination increased with an increase of contaminating time and that 32P permeated quickly more into the inside of skin than that of 90Sr-90Y. 90Y contributed greatly to the permeated contamination as well as to the adhered contamination, if pH of 90Sr-90Y solution is over 4.5.
Pig skin
Alkalinity
radioactive contamination
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In order to learn the influence of natural contamination component on contamination evaluation and contamination flashover voltage,the study status of natural contamination component on insulators surface was researched.The component,classification and measurement methods of natural contamination were summed up.Sources of main natural contamination component,relationships between contamination evaluation and natural contamination component,and between contamination flashover voltage and natural contamination component were studied.It was found out that main domestic natural contamination component came from the soot type air pollution;contamination evaluation with equivalent salt deposit density(ESDD) was insufficient.The relationship between contamination flashover voltage and insolubility contamination granularity was found out.Finally,some advises about studying natural contamination component are given out.It is necessary to focus on studying the influence of organic contamination and establish a new contamination evaluation system.
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This study was carried out to evaluate levels of infection of bacteria involved in caries and oral streptococci and their colonization after use of mouthrinses with NaF, chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine plus NaF. Combination of chlorhexidine and fluoride was the only agent that reduced levels of Streptococcus mutans (group) for 30 days.
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The investigation of the mechanism of skin contamination was carried out by a living rabbit skin in the same manner as that of pig skin†. The rabbit skin was contaminated with carrier free 90Sr-90Y or 32P. Consequently, the adhered contamination of epidermis (abbr.; the adhered contamination) or the permeated contamination of dermal (abbr.; the permeated contamination) was obtained in the like result as that of pig skin. In regard to 90Sr-90Y and 32P, the adhered contamination increased steeply within 30 min after contamination and then it increased gradually with an increase of contaminating time. Result obtained also showed that according to pH, 90Sr-90Y indicated the large difference but 32P almost all did not indicate such difference in the adhered contamination. On the other hand, the definite permeated contamination was obtained at the long time contamination without the case of acidic 32P, although there was no regularity in the tendency to the permeated contamination. Particularly, 90Y contributed considerably to the adhered contamination and the permeated contamination, if the contaminating solution of 90Sr-90Y is alkaline. Furthermore, the result obtained recommends an early decontamination-within 30 min after contamination-is of great advantage to a decontamination of human skin.
Human decontamination
radioactive contamination
Pig skin
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Klebsiella
Cross infection
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Background: Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of using chlorhexidine 0.02% eye drops developed as a magistral formula in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Method: The medical record of the infected patient was reviewed and the following data were collected: symptoms and signs at the time of diagnosis, treatment instituted, adverse reactions, and both objective and subjective evolution during the process.
Results: The patient was treated from diagnosis with propamidine isethionate (Brolene®) eye drops and chlorhexidine 0.02%. She suffered two reactivation of infection during combination therapy and finally Brolene® was suspended by corneal toxicity, remaining with topical chlorhexidine 0.02% as monotherapy to date.
Discussion: Monotherapy with topical 0.02% chlorhexidine was effective (there was no worsening or reactivation of infection) and well tolerated. In our experience 0.02%, chlorhexidine eye drops have proven to be safe and better tolerated than Brolene®
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Abstract Until recently, the few available chlorhexidine mouthrinse products have been 0.2% formulations. However, concentrations of 0.12% chlorhexidine appear as effective as 0.2%, if the volume of the rinse is increased to 15 ml. Since the mere incorporation of chlorhexidine in a formulation does not guarentee availability of the antiseptic, it would seem reasonable to evaluate or compare all products. This is particularly the case when other ingredients, such as fluoride are added. The 1st study compared the effect of a 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse with a 0.12% chlorhexidine/0.022% sodium fluoride rinse for effects on plaque re‐growth. The study was a 7‐day, blind, randomised, 2‐cell cross‐over design with a baseline control run in period, in which 18 subjects participated. Both chlorhexidine products significantly reduced plaque compared to control but the chlorhexidine fluoride rinse was less effective than the chlorhexidine only rinse. The 2nd study assessed the propensity of the chlorhexidine rinses to induce dietary staining in vitro. For the chlorhexidine fluoride rinse, this was less than the other 0.12% rinse and a commonly used 0.2% product. The data in vivo and in vitro suggest reduced chlorhexidine availability from the chlorhexidine fluoride product which appears to cause some loss of efficacy.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial performance of a chlorhexidine diacetate dressing and a chlorhexidine free base dressing to determine if the free base form of chlorhexidine has the potential to be an effective alternative to the chlorhexidine salts used in conventional, chlorhexidine-based antimicrobial dressings.Dressing samples were inoculated with clinically relevant pathogenic microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungus, and subsequently evaluated for in vitro log10 reduction at 1-, 3-, and 7-day time points. Chlorhexidine mole content was also calculated as a function of dressing surface area for both sample types to allow for formulation-independent comparison between the dressings.The chlorhexidine free base dressing demonstrated >0.5 log10 superior mean antimicrobial efficacy at 67% of the experimental time points and equivalent mean antimicrobial efficacy (≤0.5 log10 different) at the remaining time points when compared with the chlorhexidine diacetate dressing. The chlorhexidine free base dressing was also found to contain 36% less chlorhexidine mole content than the chlorhexidine diacetate dressing.Our results suggest that a dressing formulated with chlorhexidine free base can deliver in vitro antimicrobial performance at both a magnitude and rate that meets or exceeds that of a chlorhexidine diacetate-based dressing, while also allowing for a reduction in total chlorhexidine content per dressing. These findings could be of particular interest to researchers developing new antimicrobial technologies as well as to infection preventionists when evaluating antimicrobial products for use on clinical patients at elevated risk of infection.
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