Screening of benzoic acid biodegradation strains
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Benzoic acid
Degradation
This study examines the primary and ultimate biodegradation of a non-ionic surfactant, an alkylpolyglucoside, in ready biodegradability tests. The surfactant concentration was tested by the anthrone method, while the ultimate biodegradation (mineralization) was analyzed by the total organic carbon determinations. The influence of the concentration on the extent of primary and ultimate biodegradation and the kinetics of degradation also were determined. The primary and ultimate biodegradation was studied at different initial concentrations-15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L. The increasing concentration of test chemical from 15 to 100 mg/L resulted in a decrease in the relative maximum mineralization rate and longer estimated lag times by a factor of approximately 4.3. During the degradative process, two different stages were noted; these are better described with Quiroga and first-order kinetic models, respectively. For the study of the influence of concentration, the parameters characteristic of the biodegradation profiles in the different biodegradation assays were evaluated.
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为了探索 nonylphenolic 的 biodegradation 行为，在废水处理处理期间加重，二照原尺寸的废水处理植物被调查，批 biodegradation 试验被进行。在各种各样的运作的条件下面的 biodegradation 小径从批实验被识别：在厌氧的条件下面统治的 ethoxy 链弄短，而终端酒鬼组氧化在氧气的条件下面在另外的线路上占优势。结果证明缺氧的条件能加速 nonylphenolic 混合物的 biodegradation 率，但是没在 biodegradation 小径上有影响。nonylphenol (NP ) 和短链的 nonylphenol polyethoxylates 的 biodegradation 率(NPnEOs， n：ethoxy 单位的数字) 从厌氧的条件增加了，然后缺氧，最后到氧气的条件，当那些在各种各样的条件下面长链的 NPnEOs 和 nonylphenoxy 羧化物(NPEC ) 似乎类似时。在每个运作的条件下面，长链的 NPnEOs 显示出最高的 biodegradation 活动，由 NPEC 和短链的 NPnEOs 列在后面，而 NP 特别在厌氧的条件下面显示出相对不顺从的特征。另外，把硫酸盐和硝酸盐介绍给厌氧的条件能由供应更积极的氧化还原作用潜力提高 NP 和短链的 NPnEOs 的 biodegradation。
Nonylphenol
Degradation
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Abstract Oil samples from the Bongor Basin, SW Chad have been geochemically characterized to investigate the biodegradation influence on alkylphenanthrenes. Concentrations of C0–3-alkylphenanthrenes (C0–3Ps) increase markedly after level 6 biodegradation due to the removal of other vulnerable components, decrease sharply after level 7 biodegradation and approach to absence at level 8. Phenanthrene appears to have higher ability to resist biodegradation than C1–3Ps at certain biodegradation levels (≤level 7) due to demethylation, which has been inferred as a possible reaction process during biodegradation of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The enrichment of non-alkylated phenanthrene in biodegraded oils makes biodegradation assessment complicated on the basis of alkylphenanthrene distributions. Individual isomers in alkylphenanthrenes exhibit variable ability to resist biodegradation influence. While certain isomers do show higher ability to resist biodegradation than others, no uniform biodegradation sequence can be established. Meanwhile, the biodegradation susceptibility between hopanes and alkylphenanthrenes varies greatly in different samples. The biodegradation systematics of alkylphenanthrenes proves to be highly complex, which may be indicative of the multiple charges and mixing during biodegradation.
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Biodegradation-promoting additives for polymers are increasingly being used around the world with the claim that they effectively render commercial polymers biodegradable. However, there is a lot of uncertainty about their effectiveness in degrading polymers in different environments. In this study, we evaluated the effect of biodegradation-promoting additives on the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Biodegradation was evaluated in compost, anaerobic digestion, and soil burial environments. None of the five different additives tested significantly increased biodegradation in any of these environments. Thus, no evidence was found that these additives promote and/or enhance biodegradation of PE or PET polymers. So, anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation are not recommended as feasible disposal routes for nonbiodegradable plastics containing any of the five tested biodegradation-promoting additives.
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Allyl isothiocyanate
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Nonylphenol
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Abstract Weanling barrows (n = 350; Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 5.9 ± 0.04 kg) were used in a 38-day study to evaluate the effects of different benzoic acid feeding strategies on nursery growth performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0, 0.25, or 0.50% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) at the expense of corn. Treatment 1 served as the control without benzoic acid throughout all three dietary phases. Treatment 2 included 0.50% benzoic acid throughout all three phases. Treatment 3 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, and 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 4 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, but no benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 5 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phase 1, 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. From d 0 to 10 (Phase 1), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F, and were heavier (P = 0.040) on d 10 than those fed the control diet (Table). From d 10 to 18 (Phase 2), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.01) ADG compared with pigs fed either none or 0.25% benzoic acid, while pigs fed 0.25% benzoic acid had poorer (P < 0.001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed none or 0.50% benzoic acid. From d 18 to 38 (Phase 3), pigs fed 0.50% and 0.25% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid. Overall, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had a greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed no benzoic acid through all three phases or pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the final phase, with the other treatments intermediate. Additionally, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid throughout all three phases, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the third phase, or pigs fed 0.50%, 0.25%, and no benzoic acid. These data suggest that nursery pigs fed benzoic acid had improved growth performance. However, when the benzoic acid was removed from the diet before the end of the nursery phase, the pigs experienced a reduction in performance resulting in similar overall performance to the control diet without benzoic acid.
Benzoic acid
Weanling
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在这研究客观，我们由氧气的细菌的二紧张检验了 Dichloroethylene (数据通信设备) 的 biodegradation。方法使用批实验，我们为每细菌的紧张测量了数据通信设备的 biodegradation 率和数据通信设备的剩余集中。处于有数据通信设备的不同起始的集中的 biodegradation 率的变化趋势被适合到运动模型。结果由紧张 DT-X 的数据通信设备的 biodegradation 动力学，把甲苯用作 co 新陈代谢的底层，适合 Monod 模型(相应参数：vmax=0.0075 h1， Ks=2.12 mg/L ) 。由紧张 DT-M 的数据通信设备的 biodegradation 动力学，把 1,1-Dichloroethylene 用作单个底层，适合霍尔丹模型(参数：vmax =0.0046 h1， Ks=4.25 mg/L， Ki=8.47 mg/L ) 。co 新陈代谢的紧张 DT-X 的 1,1-Dichloroethylene 的底层移动率常数比紧张 DT-M 的高是大部分的结论。在这研究从两细菌的紧张获得的底层移动率比那些在类似的研究报导的高。
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