Far ultraviolet line profiles in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151
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We present HST (WFPC2 and FOC) images and UV GHRS spectra plus ground-based optical spectra of four Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) that have Seyfert 2 nuclei (Mrk 477, NGC 7130, NGC 5135 and IC 3639). The data provide direct evidence of the existence of a central nuclear starburst that dominates the UV and optical light and are dusty and compact. The bolometric luminosity of 10$^{10}$ Lsol of these starbursts is similar to the estimated bolometric luminosities of their obscured Seyfert 1 nuclei, and thus they contribute in the same amount to the overall energetics of these galaxies. An extended work based on ground-based optical spectra of the 20 brightest nuclei known indicate that at least 40% of the Seyfert 2 galaxies harbor a nuclear starburst. The eight Seyfert 2 nuclei that harbor a starburst are strong IR emitters. This suggests that nuclear starbursts can make a significant contribution or even dominate the UV and optical light of LIRGs.
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Previous studies of the Na I D interstellar absorption line doublet have shown that galactic winds occur in most galaxies with high infrared luminosities. However, in infrared-bright composite systems where a starburst coexists with an active galactic nucleus (AGN), it is unclear whether the starburst, the AGN, or both are driving the outflows. The present paper describes the results from a search for outflows in 35 infrared-faint Seyferts with 10{sup 9.9}< L{sub IR}/L{sub sun} < 10{sup 11}, or, equivalently, star formation rates (SFRs) of approx0.4-9 M{sub sun} yr{sup -1}, to attempt to isolate the source of the outflow. We find that the outflow detection rates for the infrared-faint Seyfert 1s (6%) and Seyfert 2s (18%) are lower than previously reported for infrared-luminous Seyfert 1s (50%) and Seyfert 2s (45%). The outflow kinematics of infrared-faint and infrared-bright Seyfert 2 galaxies resemble those of starburst galaxies, while the outflow velocities in Seyfert 1 galaxies are significantly larger. Taken together, these results suggest that the AGN does not play a significant role in driving the outflows in most infrared-faint and infrared-bright systems, except the high-velocity outflows seen in Seyfert 1 galaxies. Another striking result of this study is the high rate of detectionmore » of inflows in infrared-faint galaxies (39% of Seyfert 1s, 35% of Seyfert 2s), significantly larger than in infrared-luminous Seyferts (15%). This inflow may be contributing to the feeding of the AGN in these galaxies, and potentially provides more than enough material to power the observed nuclear activity over typical AGN lifetimes.« less
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We present near-infrared spectroscopy of four Seyfert 1 galaxies, one Seyfert 1.9 galaxy, and one Seyfert 2 galaxy, obtained using the Gemini infrared camera at the Lick Observatory 3 m Shane telescope. With the unique design of the Gemini camera, full J- and K-band spectra were taken simultaneously through the same slit. This produced a more accurate comparison of hydrogen recombination line fluxes than previous infrared studies. We have also used template galaxies to remove stellar features from the infrared spectra and produced more accurate measurements of the weak Brγ feature. We concentrate on the velocity-resolved ratio of Paβ/Brγ and its implication for dust within the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). For our Seyfert 1s, the line ratios of Paβ/Brγ are not only comparable in both broad- and narrow-line regions but also consistent with case B recombination, confirming that the ratio Paβ/Brγ is less affected by collisional effects than optical lines and is a good indicator of dust extinction up to Av ~ 10 in AGN. Using the same diagnostic the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy, NGC 2992, has an extinction of Av = 4.03 ± 0.20 to the broad-line region while the narrow-line region is unobscured. Assuming that Seyfert 1.9 galaxy has the same broad-line region that Seyfert 1 galaxies have, we conclude that the obscuring dust is located between the broad-line regions and the narrow-line regions, consistent with the AGN unification model. The Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 5929, consistent with dust being present on larger scales, shows significant obscuration to the narrow-line region. These data are part of a larger program to measure many spectral properties of Seyfert galaxies.
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
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We present optical spectra for new infrared Seyfert galaxies obtained with the 2.16m telescope at Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO). After wavelength and flux calibration, they are classified by the degree of nuclear activity: nine Seyfert 2 and three Seyfert 3 galaxies. In addition, by using the data from de Grijp et al.(1992), we find that (1) there exists a tight correlation between luminosities of far-infrared ($L_{FIR}$) and \Ha ($L_{H\alpha}$) for both Seyfert and HII-like (starburst) galaxies; (2) the median value of \Ha luminosities of Seyfert 1s is one magnitude larger than that of Seyfert 2s and starburst galaxies; (3) the cumulative distributions of FIR luminosities and infrared spectral index $\alpha(100,60)$ for Seyfert 1s and 2s are similar to that of starburst galaxies. We conclude that most of the far-infrared emission from Seyfert 2 galaxies is due to the violent nuclear/circumnuclear starburst, rather than the nonthermal activity in the nucleus, this may also be the case for many Seyfert 1s as well.
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We present optical spectra for new infrared Seyfert galaxies obtained with the 2.16m telescope at Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO). After wavelength and flux calibration, they are classified by the degree of nuclear activity: nine Seyfert 2 and three Seyfert 3 galaxies. In addition, by using the data from de Grijp et al.(1992), we find that (1) there exists a tight correlation between luminosities of far-infrared ($L_{FIR}$) and \Ha ($L_{Hα}$) for both Seyfert and HII-like (starburst) galaxies; (2) the median value of \Ha luminosities of Seyfert 1s is one magnitude larger than that of Seyfert 2s and starburst galaxies; (3) the cumulative distributions of FIR luminosities and infrared spectral index $α(100,60)$ for Seyfert 1s and 2s are similar to that of starburst galaxies. We conclude that most of the far-infrared emission from Seyfert 2 galaxies is due to the violent nuclear/circumnuclear starburst, rather than the nonthermal activity in the nucleus, this may also be the case for many Seyfert 1s as well.
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Far-infrared flux densities are newly extracted from the IRAS database for the Revised Shapley-Ames and CfA complete samples of Seyfert galaxies. These data are used to classify the Seyfert galaxies into those where the far-infrared continuum emission is dominated by the active galactic nucleus (AGN), circumnuclear starburst, or host galaxy.
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Far Infrared observations of the Seyfert galaxies NGC 3227, NGC 4051 and NGC 4151 are presented. These are the first data from a complete sample of Seyfert galaxies that is being observed by ISO as part of the ISOPHOT guaranteed time. The new ISO data, in combination with the IRAS data, show that the mid to far IR emission in all three objects can be ascribed to two well defined regimes, namely a warm dust emitting region which we claim is heated by the emission from the respective active nuclei and a second colder emitting region which we attribute to dust heated in star forming regions.
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We have characterized the amount, spatial distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas in the merging, double nucleus type 2 quasar SDSS J0025-10 at z=0.30 using the CO(1-0) transition, based on data obtained with ATCA. This is one of the scarce examples of quasar host galaxies where the CO emission has been resolved spatially at any redshift. We infer a molecular gas mass M(H2) = (6 +/- 1) x 1e9 Msun, which is distributed in two main reservoirs separated by ~9 kpc. ~60% of the gas is in the central region, associated with the QSO nucleus and/or the intermediate region between the two nuclei. The other 40% is associated with the northern tidal tail and is therefore unsettled. With its high infrared luminosity L(IR) = (1.1 +/- 0.3) x 1e12 Lsun, SDSS J0025-10 is an analogue of local luminous LIRGs and ULIRGs. On the other hand, the clear evidence for an ongoing major merger of two gas rich progenitors, the high L(IR) dominated by a starburst, the massive reservoir of molecular gas with a large fraction still unsettled, and the quasar activity are all properties consistent with a transition phase in the (U)LIRG-optical QSO evolutionary scenario. We propose that we are observing the system during a particular transient phase, prior to more advanced mergers where the nuclei have already coalesced. We argue that a fraction of the molecular gas reservoir is associated with a tidal dwarf galaxy identified in the optical HST image at the tip of the northern tidal tail. The formation of such structures is predicted by simulations of colliding galaxies.
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We report the first systematic study of the submillimeter water vapor rotational emission lines in infrared (IR) galaxies based on the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) data of {\it Herschel} SPIRE. Among the 176 galaxies with publicly available FTS data, 45 have at least one H$_2$O emission line detected. The H$_2$O line luminosities range from $\sim 1 \times 10^5$ $L_{\odot}$ to $\sim 5 \times 10^7 L_{\odot}$ while the total IR luminosities ($L_\mathrm{IR}$) have a similar spread ($\sim 1-300 \times 10^{10} L_{\odot}$). In addition, emission lines of H$_2$O$^+$ and H$_2^{18}$O are also detected. H$_2$O is found, for most galaxies, to be the strongest molecular emitter after CO in FTS spectra. The luminosity of the five most important H$_2$O lines is near-linearly correlated with $L_\mathrm{IR}$, no matter whether strong active galactic nucleus signature is present or not. However, the luminosity of H$_2$O($2_{11}-2_{02}$) and H$_2$O($2_{20}-2_{11}$) appears to increase slightly faster than linear with $L_\mathrm{IR}$. Although the slope turns out to be slightly steeper when $z\sim 2-4$ ULIRGs are included, the correlation is still closely linear. We find that $L_\mathrm{H_2O}/L_\mathrm{IR}$ decreases with increasing $f_{25}/f_{60}$, but see no dependence on $f_{60}/f_{100}$, possibly indicating that very warm dust contributes little to the excitation of the submillimeter H$_2$O lines. The average spectral line energy distribution (SLED) of the entire sample is consistent with individual SLEDs and the IR pumping plus collisional excitation model, showing that the strongest lines are H$_2$O($2_{02}-1_{11}$) and H$_2$O($3_{21}-3_{12}$).
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The energy sources of nine infrared luminous galaxies (IRLGs) are diagnosed based on their ground-based 3-4 μm spectra. Both the equivalent width of the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature and the 3.3 μm PAH to far-infrared luminosity ratio (L3.3/LFIR) are analyzed. Assuming that nuclear compact starburst activity in these sources produces the 3.3 μm PAH emission as strongly as that in starburst galaxies with lower far-infrared luminosities, the following results are found. For six IRLGs, both the observed equivalent widths and the L3.3/LFIR ratios are too small to explain the bulk of their far-infrared luminosities by compact starburst activity, indicating that active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity is a dominant energy source. For the other three IRLGs, while the 3.3 μm PAH equivalent widths are within the range of starburst galaxies, the L3.3/LFIR ratios after correction for screen dust extinction are a factor of ~3 smaller. The uncertainty in the dust extinction correction factor and in the scatter of the intrinsic L3.3/LFIR ratios for starburst galaxies does not allow a determination of the ultimate energy sources for these three IRLGs.
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
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