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Antifreeze
How to choose antifreeze when producing premixed concrete in winter and application principles of chosen antifreeze in three sort of area are introduced. The four theories on how to decide antifreeze blend ratio and the calculation method of antifreeze blend ratio are clarified. And the matters that should be pay attention to when choosing antifreeze are shown.
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Antifreeze protein
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For the purpose of improving the anticorrosion performance and antibacterical activity of antifreeze fluid,a kind of inhibited ethylene glycol-based antifreeze fluid: ECH-IEG-1 was developed.The results of the test showed that,the corrosion inhibiting performance of the said new developed inhibited ethylene glycol-based antifreeze fluid for different kinds of metals was better than that of the uninhibited ethylene glycol-based antifreeze fluid;and for carbon steel,the corrosive power of the former one was only 1/200 to 1/1000 of that of the latter one.It can be drawn a conclusion that,the said antifreeze fluid has good corrosion inhibiting property,which can effectively prolong the service life of equipments and is characterized by total environmental friendly at the same time.
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Some 80 tests were made in 18 diesel lorries and 33 petrol-driven vehicles during ordinary service performance. The formation of rust and the changes in pH and chemical composition were followed during more than a year. The distance driven in each test varied up to 100,000 km, the median being 15,000 km. The reproducibility of results was low, but common trends were clearly distinguishable. Where excessive corrosion occurred, it began rather suddenly, without any noticeable change in pH. Clean cooling systems were easier to protect from corrosion than were systems already corroded. Some depletion of inhibitor components was observed in all tests and pH tended to drop at the end of tests of long duration. Antifreeze containing sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite afforded the most reliable protection. Antifreeze inhibited with triethanolamine phosphate and the sodium salt of mercaptobenzothiazole gave good protection until the inhibitors were depleted; the marked irregularity with which this occurred made this antifreeze less reliable. Antifreeze containing these components plus borax behaved in much the same way. Antifreeze with borax as sole inhibitor did not seem to give reliable protection.
Antifreeze
Borax
Sodium nitrite
Triethanolamine
Sodium benzoate
Corrosion inhibitor
Diethanolamine
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Propylene glycol in water is a safe and effective alternative to ethylene glycol as a capture liquid in insect traps (pitfalls, flight intercepts, pan traps). Propylene glycol formulations are readily available because it is the primary (95%) ingredient in certain automotive antifreeze formulations. However, an even safer and less expensive alternative is the USP food grade RV antifreeze used for winterizing drinking water systems. The automotive formulations contain additives (about 5%) that contribute to the cost and involve safety, environmental, and waste disposal issues. Using bacterial inhibition as an indicator, the preservational attributes of the automotive and RV antifreeze were found to be comparable in laboratory tests. Entomologists are urged to use nontoxic antifreeze in their trapping programs.
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Polyvinyl Alcohol
Ingredient
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Some 80 tests were made in 18 diesel lorries and 33 petrol-driven vehicles during ordinary service performance. The formation of rust and the changes in pH and chemical composition were followed during more than a year. The distance driven in each test varied up to 100,000 km, the median being 15,000 km. The reproducibility of results was low, but common trends were clearly distinguishable. Where excessive corrosion occurred, it began rather suddenly, without any noticeable change in pH. Clean cooling systems were easier to protect from corrosion than were systems already corroded. Some depletion of inhibitor components was observed in all tests and pH tended to drop at the end of tests of long duration. Antifreeze containing sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite afforded the most reliable protection. Antifreeze inhibited with triethanolamine phosphate and the sodium salt of mercaptobenzothiazole gave good protection until the inhibitors were depleted; the marked irregularity with which this occurred made this antifreeze less reliable. Antifreeze containing these components plus borax behaved in much the same way. Antifreeze with borax as sole inhibitor did not seem to give reliable protection.
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Borax
Sodium nitrite
Triethanolamine
Sodium benzoate
Corrosion inhibitor
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Based on a literature survey, a laboratory study was begun to evaluate promising antifreeze compounds. Laboratory tests were performed to study the beneficial and detrimental effects of antifreeze admixturues on concrete properties such as strength gain at low temperature, freeze-thaw durability, workability and corrosion of embedded metal. It was found that antifreeze concrete can be cured at temperatures significantly below 0 deg C without harming its performance compared to that of normal concrete cured at room temperature. Of the antifreeze concrete mixes tested, those containing sodium nitirite/calcium nitrite and sodium nitrite/potassium carbonate performed the best. Even for those concretes whose strength lagged behind that of the control mix, the prognosis is that they will eventually recover full strength when thawed.
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Sodium nitrite
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