Analysis and Research Regarding Characteristics of THz Receiver Noise Using Diode Parameter Error
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In this paper, an analysis and study regarding the characteristics of THz receiver noise using diode parameter error are performed. For a sub-harmonic mixer designed based on this type of diode model. Finally, this type of mixer was adopted to build a 183 GHz receiver system . The special are study the influence of the diode model process error on the receiver system noise characteristics, based on theory and modeling. The results show that diode ideality factor ns change exerted the greatest influence on the noise factor of the front end of the receiver, as well as similar influence over bias junction capacitance Cj and bulk resistor Rs, and minimal influence over saturation current Is.Keywords:
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A complete analysis and measurement of the noise figure of Raman amplifiers is reported. The standard noise figure definition derived from the amplified spontaneous emission approach is discussed. A new approach, based on the field fluctuations, is proposed. It takes into account the vacuum fluctuation as a minimum noise level fit the amplifier input and as a contribution to the noise generation. As a result, the noise of a phase-insensitive amplifier is shown to be generated by the input noise amplification, the intrinsic amplification and attenuation mechanisms. This model enables to exactly define the noise figure as the degradation of the optical signal-to-noise ratio, which is in complete agreement with the practice of the IEEE standard.
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In this chapter, we provide the foundation for analyzing a wireless communication link. The purpose is to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver to assess the link performance. Evaluation of the signal power and noise power requires the path loss and receiver system noise temperature, respectively. The receiver consists of an antenna, a low-noise amplifier, a downconverter, and a demodulator. The concept of the thermal noise source and its noise temperature, as well as the antenna noise temperature, is discussed. We also introduce the effective noise temperature and noise figure of a two-port network such as the low-noise amplifier, downconverter, or demodulator. The effective noise temperature and noise figure of a cascade or series connection of two-port networks are derived. This leads to the evaluation of the receiver system noise temperature.
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A new computer analysis method is presented by which the noise contributions of the various noise sources within a MESFET mixer can be determined and its overall single sideband and double sideband noise figure and noise temperature calculated. The method extends Kerr's work on diode type mixers and utilises a frequency conversion matrix of a MESFET mixer which was described previously. The simulation program was run for a mixer circuit based on an NEC720 transistor, and the results for the noise sources and noise figure behaviour as functions of the LO power are presented and compared to measured values with good agreement. An optimal operating point from the standpoint of minimum noise figure can thus be determined for transistor biasing conditions and the LO input power.
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A novel noise measurement method for mixers which exploits mixer noise figure variation with LO power is reported. The method allows for the first time high noise figures, e.g. at the maximum conversion gain point of millimetre wave mixers, to be found. With the technique proposed, noise figures as high as 20 dB can be accurately measured. The suggested method and its advantage over the conventional hot/cold noise measurement are demonstrated for a 65 GHz millimetre-wave GaAs MMIC down converter. For the mixer under test, the measured noise figures obtained were 9.3 dB with 7 dBm LO power and 15.1 dB with 13 dBm LO power, and the respective conversion gains were –1 dB (low noise point) and +3 dB (maximum conversion gain point).
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A new computer analysis method is presented by which the noise contributions of the various noise sources within a MESFET mixer can be determined and its overall single side-band and double sideband noise figure and noise temperature calculated. The method utilizes a frequency conversion matrix of a MESFET mixer which was described previously. The simulation program was run for a mixer circuit based on NEC720 transistor and the results for the noise sources and noise figure behaviour as functions of the LO power are presented and compared to measured values. An optimal operating point, from the standpoint of minimum noise figure, can thus be determined for transistor biasing conditions and the LO input power.
MESFET
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Noise generator
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Noise-figure meter
Y-factor
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Noise spectral density
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Noise figure measurements are affected by amplitude modulated noise from local oscillators used in noise figure test systems. When testing microwave amplifiers or mixers/receivers, an external local oscillator(LO) is needed. For microwave amplifiers, the LO downconverts the noise to the noise figure meter's frequency range; while for mixers/receivers, the LO provides a drive signal to the mixer's L port. The LO adds noise to the testing in the form of AM noise. This AM noise elevates the system noise figure when testing amplifiers causing increased measurement uncertainty. For mixers and receivers, the LO noise adds directly to the measurement and causes erroneous results. The AM noise is reduced by placing a filter between the LO and the mixer. This filter limits noise reaching the noise figure meter. The LO AM noise affects the microwave amplifier noise figure measurement uncertainty and falsely elevates mixer/receiver noise figure measurements.
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A noise analysis of gate mixers used for down-conversion is presented in this paper. The single sideband (SSB) noise figure is calculated and optimized based on a simplified analytical expression using all noise-source contributions and harmonic-balance simulation. Analytical and simulated input-impedance optimizations are developed to reduce the noise figure. Two mixers are designed with two different configurations (conventional and low-noise configurations) in order to confirm the calculated, simulated, and optimized noise figures. The noise-figure performances are measured and compared for the two configurations. The LO, RF, and IF frequencies chosen for this test are 9.5, 11, and 1.5 GHz, respectively. It is shown that the noise figure is reduced by 4 dB in the low-noise mixer configuration. Good agreement is obtained between calculated, simulated, and experimental noise figures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 307–311, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20619
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The noise figure of an optical amplifier is given by F=2n/sub sp/(n/sub sp//spl ges/1 is the spontaneous emission factor) when the dominant noise is signal-spontaneous beat noise. A general expression for noise figure is derived, considering (in addition to the signal-spontaneous beat noise) the effects of spontaneous-spontaneous noise, relative intensity noise (RIN), receiver shot noise, receiver thermal noise, and the interaction of these terms. When the amplifier gain is sufficiently large that shot and thermal noise may be neglected, it is shown that there is an optimum input power to minimize F. The normalized minimum noise figure ratio, F/sub min//2n/sub sp/, is a function only of the product (RIN)B/sub o/, where B/sub o/ is the effective bandwidth of the optical amplifier. For the noise figure not to be significantly degraded from the signal-spontaneous noise limit of 2n/sub sp/, it is required that (RIN)B/sub o//spl Lt/1.< >
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The effect of the RF feedback on noise-figure and conversion-loss of the gate pumped MESFET mixers are investigated. The optimum values of the reactive feedback elements for various pump levels and bias conditions which provide the minimum noise -figure conditions are calculated from the noise equivalent circuit of MESFET. It has been shown that the noise - figure inprovement of around 3.5 and 2 dB can be obtained when the input impedance is tuned for maximum gain and minimum noise-figure, respectively. The theoretical outcomes are subtantiated by a microwave mixer in microstrip form operating at 10 GHz with 70 MHz IF.
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One of the challenges in noise-figure measurements is in determining the noise figure of systems that integrate the low-noise amplifier (LNA) stage into a single-chip down-converter, where the output is not at the same frequency as the input and the LNA cannot be separated from the rest of the system. This chapter illuminates the details of noise figure and noise-power measurements, including their uncertainty, verification, and methods to improve them. It discusses active antenna noise-figure measurements and describes noise figure in mixers and frequency converters. Mixers and frequency converters are often the first component after the antenna in a receiver system, and as such the noise figure of the first converter predominantly sets the noise figure of the system. The chapter also discusses noise power measurements with a vector network analyzer spectrum analyzer and noise figure measurements using spectrum analysis as well as carrier-to-noise measurements.
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