Accelerating numerical simulations of strain-adaptive bone remodeling predictions
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Strain (injury)
Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is a fundamental mechanism of bone metabolism in tissue level. Bone remodeling demonstrates sequential phase of activation, resorption, reversal, and formation. Bone histomorphometry can make the quantitative assessment of the turnover in bone remodeling.
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Bone remodels its structure to functionally adapt to its mechanical environment. Bone cells produce signaling molecules activated by mechanical stimuli. It is considered that remodeling signals regulate bone remodeling. RANK, RANKL and OPG are well known as remodeling signals. RANKL promotes osteoclastogenesis by binding to RANK, while OPG acts as a decoy receptor by binding to RANKL. In this study, we proposed mathematical models of trabecular bone remodeling combining mechanosensing and remodeling signals, and conducted computational simulation. Focusing on the active bone remodeling area, we discussed the effects of remodeling signals on the functional adaptation capacity of trabeculae. We found that, under the condition where RANKL and OPG expressions balance each other, the active remodeling area is larger when both of the rates are higher.
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BMD is prescribed by the balance of bone resorption and osteogenesis. In osteoporosis, this balance collapses according to a certain cause, bone loss starts as a result because bone resorption exceeds osteogenesis. Since a bone turnover marker shows the bone metabolism at the time of measurement quantitatively, it is thought that the change in BMD is reflected. Therefore, it is in predicting bone reduction of the future and fast bone loser identifying is expected by measuring bone turnover markers. Reduction of bone density is large in high turnover of bone metabolism, and it is shown clearly by recent research that the risk of fracture goes up. There is the necessity for evaluation of the bone turnover markers which made fracture the end point also in Japan.
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Development of bone metabolism markers began about 35 years ago. Current by the osteoporosis and bone metabolism diseases diagnosis and treatment efficacy. In childhood and adolescence, bone formation and resorption were increased, but formation rate was exceeded resorption rate. To keep strength of bone, bone formation and resorption are balanced(remodeling)in the period of maturity, Bone mineral density greatly decreases and biochemical markers of bone turnover markedly increase in postmenopausal women, indicating accelerated bone remodeling because of estrogen withdrawal. On the other hand, pregnancy and breastfeeding affect bone metabolism. So, we gynecologists should be careful about bone health with understanding characteristic of bone metabolism markers.
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Bone is a living tissue, metabolically very active, with the level of turnover of about 10% per year. Bone remodeling is a well-balanced process of bone resorption, induced by osteoclasts and bone formation maintained osteoblasts. Loss of bone remodeling balance, with increased bone resorption, leads to osteoporosis. Bone turnover markers are classified as markers of bone formation and of bone resorption. During the growth and development of skeleton, bone turnover markers show higher levels of activity than in the adult period. The increase in biochemical markers peaks again in the postmenopausal period, indicating accelerated bone remodeling. Bone mineral density is an important predictor of an osteoporotic fracture. Timely assessment of risk factors of osteoporosis and bone markers can detect subjects with accelerated bone remodeling and osteoporosis. This may introduce adequate therapy and prevent fracture.
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The bone remodeling process as a means of bone metabolism is of fundamental importance both for the stability and integrity of bone,and for preventing the bone aging and repairing the damage of bone tissue.The form of purpose can be divided into targeted remodeling and nontargeted remodeling.In this paper,we aim to review the process and the communication with respect to these two kinds of bone remodeling as well as the effects of drugs on them.
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As an effective numerical analysis method, finite element method (FEM) has been widely used in mechanical design and other fields. In this paper, the development of FEM is introduced firstly, then the specific steps of FEM applications are illustrated and the difficulties of FEM are summarized in detail. Finally, applications of FEM in automobile components such as automobile wheel, steel plate spring, body frame, shaft parts and so on are summarized, compared with related research experiments.
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Abstract Computational modeling is an effective tool for the detection of eye abnormalities and a valuable assistant to hyperthermia treatments. In all these diagnoses and treatments, predicting the temperature distribution accurately is very important. However, the standard finite element method (FEM) currently used for such purposes has strong reliance on element meshes and the discretized system exhibits the so‐called ‘overly stiff’ behavior. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper formulates an alpha finite element method (αFEM) to compute two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) bioheat transfer in the human eyes. The αFEM can produce much more accurate results using triangular (2D) and tetrahedron (3D) elements that can be generated automatically for complicated domains and hence is particularly suited for modeling human eyes. In the αFEM, a scaling factor α∈[0, 1] is introduced to combine the ‘overly stiff’ FEM model and ‘overly soft’ node‐based finite element method (NS‐FEM) model. With a properly chosen α, the αFEM can produce models with very ‘close‐to‐exact’ stiffness of the continuous system. Numerical results have shown that the present method gives much more accurate results compared with the standard FEM and the NS‐FEM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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