Biomechanics of Running Using Different Stiffness of Carbon Fiber Foot Prosthesis in Transtibial Amputee Athletes
Donna KataeCortney WhitebayMelvin SamChristopher CarneyPhillip KreuterSarah WrightJosh O‘BrienTara PluschJohn WygandMichele HenschelKristin GriffithsErik SchafferRobert M. OttoAmy Winters
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Abstract:
Fitting the appropriate prosthesis to a transtibial amputee athlete is a complex process that involves repeated modification and alteration to ensure the appropriate size, residual limb/prosthesis interface, carbon fiber foot stiffness (CFFS) and athletic performance. A less than optimal fit may attenuate performance and lead to injury. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate biomechanical changes of running resulting from a range of CFFS stiffness. METHODS: 12 transtibial amputee runners (run experience of 6 yrs) volunteered to perform steady state bouts of exercise at 107, 134, 161, and 188 m/min using five randomly assigned CFFS including their normal stiffness, plus two of greater CFFS and two CFFS below their personal standard. All athletes were fitted by the same prosthetist and changes in carbon fiber feet were performed by a trained technician. Biomechanical analysis included video filming and analysis with Dartfish software. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between body mass and CFFS (.754), and VO2 and run speed (.790). At speeds of 107, 134, 161, and 188 m/min, there were no significant differences among stride length (91, 91.6, 92.1, and 93.3 cm), % CFF compression (24.5, 22.8, 19.3, and 19.7%), and flight time (.113,.102,.102, and.098 sec), respectively. CONCLUSION: The small heterogeneous sample did not reveal significant difference among the CFFS, however individual differences may be important for comfort, performance, and reduced injury potential.Keywords:
Biomechanics
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Introduction to biomechanics : basic terminology and concepts -- Biomechanics of bone -- Biomechanics of articular cartilage -- Biomechanics of tendons and ligaments -- Biomechanics of peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots -- Biomechanics of skeletal muscle -- Biomechanics of the knee -- Biomechanics of the hip -- Biomechanics of the foot and ankle -- Biomechanics of the lumbar spine -- Biomechanics of the cervical spine -- Biomechanics of the shoulder -- Biomechanics of the elbow -- Biomechanics of the wrist and hand -- Biomechanics of fracture fixation -- Biomechanics of arthroplasty -- Biomechanics of gait.
Biomechanics
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This paper analyzes sports science parameter about stride length,stride frequency and average speed in fragment of world elite sprinters in 100?m by data statistice and concluded the way of keeping high speed of long time was by own's stride length,not stride frequency;the accelerative rhythm of whole run affected the whole run's achievement,stride length's contribution to speed is notably different than those of stride frequency.
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Entropic half-life (ENT½) and statistical persistence decay (SPD) was recently introduced as measures of time dependency in stride time intervals during walking. The present study investigated the effect of data length on ENT½ and SPD and additionally applied these measures to stride length and stride speed intervals. First, stride times were collected from subjects during one hour of treadmill walking. ENT½ and SPD were calculated from a range of stride numbers between 250 and 2500. Secondly, stride times, stride lengths and stride speeds were collected from subjects during 16 min of treadmill walking. ENT½ and SPD were calculated from the stride times, stride lengths and stride speeds. The ENT½ values reached a plateau between 1000 and 2500 strides whereas the SPD increased linearly with the number of included strides. This suggests that ENT½ can be compared if 1000 strides or more are included, but only SPD obtained from same number of strides should be compared. The ENT½ and SPD of the stride times were significantly longer compared to that of the stride lengths and stride speeds. This indicates that the time dependency is greater in the motor control of stride time compared to that of stride lengths and stride speeds.
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WT5”,6BZ]Stride length and stride frequency are the main factors determine running velocity, what changes do happen in P.E institute students′ stride length and stride frequency after sprint teaching? What can the changes offer to help improve sprint perform ance and sprint teaching and training? this paper make a initial research to the changes,the result of research shows: after sprint teaching, most students′ stride length and frequency are improved, a new combination of stride length and stride frequency, as for the two factors--stride length and stride frequency, male students make more improvement in stride length than stride frequency, while, female students make more improvement in stride frequency than in stride length.
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Stride prediction is a nonignorable part of value prediction. Most hybrid predictors cannot eliminate this pattern. Existing stride predictors can handle the regular stride pattern, but it is hard to fit well with the interval stride pattern. To deal with it, we introduce the notion of Stride Equality Prediction (SEP), which predicts the stride feature of the current instruction is equal to that of the last committed same instruction. SEP can deal well with interval-style stride patterns, which always perform a constant stride during an interval, although there may be different endpoints and strides in different intervals. SEP predicts the value of stride equality instructions from the last committed occurrence of the same instruction and the number of the same instruction in the instruction window. Evaluation results show that SEP is effective in stride value prediction. It outperforms the Enhanced Stride predictor for 5.3% and state-of-art computational predictor Context-based Computational Value TAGE (CBC-VTAGE) for 1.5% on average. Moreover, by applying the SEP update condition, CBC-VTAGE can obtain performance gain without extra cost.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of change in stride frequency and/or stride length on oxygen uptake during distanc6 running, and to compare female runners with male runners in this point. Ten runners, nine table tennis players and eight swimmers underwent treadmill running at three different speeds. Running speed was constant and stride frequency was systematically changed over a range of ±20 strides/min of the free stride frequency (Experiment 1). Five male runners and four female runners ran on a treadmill at stride lengths between 60 cm and 130 cm with a given stride. frequency (160, 180 or 200 strides/min) and at stride frequencies between 150 and 200 strides/min with a given stride length (80 or 100cm) (Experiment 2). The measurements of oxygen uptake and HR were made during steady state in each running. 1) The most economical stride frequency (optimal stride frequency) in males always coincided with the free stride frequency. Both increase and decrease in stride frequency from the free stride frequency caused increase in oxygen uptake in male runners. Regarding female runners, oxygen uptake during distance running was a1most constant over a wide range of stride frequency (170-220). Specific optimal stride frequency was not observed in female runners. 2) Running with a given stride frequency caused a rectilinear relationship between oxygen uptake and stride length in male and female runners. It was suggested that change in stride length scarcely affected running efficiency during distance running. 3) There was an obvious difference between male and female runners in the effect of change in stride frequency on oxygen uptake during distance running with a given stride length. Decrease in stride frequency below 170 strides/min lowered the running efficiency in runners of both sexes. Above 180 strides/min, there was an exponential relationship between oxygen uptake and stride frequency in male runners, and a rectilinear relationship in female runners. Stride frequency higher than 180/min lowered running efficiency in male, but not in female runners. 4) Optimal stride frequency was observed in male runners, table tennis players and swimmers. Optimal stride frequency always coincided with free stride frequency in male subjects, and it was suggested that men without special training can run with the most economical stride frequency. 5) Stride length and stride frequency increased linearly as the running speed increased. Increase in running speed was dependent much more on increase in stride length than that of stride frequency. Contribution of stride frequency to an increase in running speed was more significant in female than male.
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Based on the concept of stride over in industrial technology, this paper describes the pattern of the theory and practice in stride over, and analyses the pattern of practice of stride over on the basis of automation of management and control in Liancheng Aluminum Factory. Finaaly the paper points out the existing problems in the research of stride over in industrial technology.
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Factory (object-oriented programming)
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At a given running speed, humans strongly prefer to use a stride frequency near their 'optimal' stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Although there is no definitive explanation for why an optimal stride frequency exists, elastic energy usage has been implicated. Because the possibility for elastic energy storage and return may be impaired on slopes, we investigated whether and how the optimal stride frequency changes during uphill and downhill running. Presuming a smaller role of elastic energy, we hypothesized that altering stride frequency would change metabolic cost less during uphill and downhill running than during level running. To test this hypothesis, we collected force and metabolic data as nine male subjects ran at 2.8 m s(-1) on the level, 3 deg uphill and 3 deg downhill. Stride frequency was systematically varied above and below preferred stride frequency (PSF ±8% and ±15%). Ground reaction force data were used to calculate potential, kinetic and total mechanical energy, and to calculate the theoretical maximum possible and estimated actual elastic energy storage and return. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that neither the overall relationship between metabolic cost and stride frequency nor the energetically optimal stride frequency changed substantially with slope. However, estimated actual elastic energy storage as a percentage of total positive power increased with increasing stride frequency on all slopes, indicating that muscle power decreases with increasing stride frequency. Combined with the increased cost of force production and internal work with increasing stride frequency, this leads to an intermediate optimal stride frequency and overall U-shaped curve.
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The mechanisms which enable large animals to transport a unit of body mass through a unit distance at a lower metabolic cost than smaller animals have been the subject of numerous studies. Recent investigations have concluded that stride frequency is a main determinant. We examine the role of both stride frequency and stride length in determining the scaling of the cost of transport. Slopes for regressions between stride frequency and speed and stride length and speed were determined in four species of rodents. These data were pooled with literature values for the slopes of stride frequency, stride length and cost of locomotion (all vs. speed) for a total of 17 species ranging in size from 30 g to 250 kg. Interspecific equations were calculated for each of these slopes versus body mass, and residuals from these allometric lines were calculated. Residuals were compared to see if variation in the rate of cost increase at a given size is related to variation in the rates of stride frequency and/or stride length increase. The residual analysis revealed that the variation in transport cost is explicable only in terms of the interaction of stride frequency and stride length slopes. The product of the scaling exponents for stride frequency slope and stride length slope is not significantly different from the scaling exponent for the cost of transport. A model seeking to explain the scaling of the cost of transport must therefore consider the influence of both stride length and stride frequency. We propose that absolutely longer limbs allow large animals to minimize the rate of increase of stride frequency and stride length with speed, and that this allows utilization of muscles with lower intrinsic rates of contraction, which in turn results in a lower mass‐specific cost of transport.
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Allometry
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