Live Oils Novel Organic Solid Deposition and Control Device: Wax Deposition Validation
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Abstract A novel laboratory-scale flow assurance tool termed "Organic Solids Deposition and Control (OSDC)" device has been developed to assess the potential and severity of organic solids deposition problems from hydrocarbon fluids at realistic production and/or transportation conditions. Based on optimized Taylor-Couette flow in concentric cylinder geometry, the OSDC mimics production conditions of temperature, pressure, composition, turbulence, shear, surface type and roughness.These key parameters can be accurately and independently controlled, allowing the deposition tests to be conducted over a wide range of conditions. Uniquely, this new device can simulate production system thermal-hydraulic conditions and produce fully developed turbulent flow for the live fluids and stock tank oils investigated.Heat transfer and fluid dynamics in the device were characterized through careful and detailed experimentation.Deposition tests performed on small volumes of live waxy crude oils resulted in the generation of reproducible wax deposits under consistent test conditions. The wax deposition rates were comparable to those from pilot-scale flow loops that utilized larger volume of fluid.Keywords:
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ABSTRACT With the production of offshore oil and gas, wax deposition in multiphase crude pipelines has become a critical item for flow assurance. The emulsion pour point had a close relationship with the water cut of production liquid and made a significant effect on wax deposition. The investigation of the effects of water cut, pour point, and deposition enduring time on the wax deposition amount and the deposit components was conducted with static cold finger facilities. It was suggested that the effects of molecular diffusion and gelling on deposit thickness in oil–water emulsion are closely related to emulsion pour point. At a constant temperature, the function of molecular diffusion plays a leading role when it is at a low water cut and pour point. Otherwise, the function of gelling plays a leading role. This investigation offered a reference for the development of models for predicting oil–water two‐phase wax deposition in the future. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Wax deposition has been a major challenge in flow assurance of paraffinic crude oils. A major problem occurs because of a decrease in the bulk oil flowing and pipe wall temperatures. Wax deposits form when the temperature of the produced fluid falls below the wax appearance temperature or the cloud point temperature. Problems like pipeline plugging, increased pumping pressure and reduction in production rates are very common. Sophisticated mechanical and chemical techniques are available in order to prevent and clean the wax deposits in the pipeline. Proactive measures can limit the magnitude of damage. This paper gives an overview of various wax deposition mechanisms, mitigation options, paraffin dispersant usage, and wax deposition profile estimation using HYSYS. Further, a theoretical method is proposed to optimize the consumption of paraffin dispersant during the pipeline cleaning operations. Static wax deposition model of HYSYS was used to simulate the wax deposition in surface pipelines. The results revealed that the model with its tuning capability could be a practical tool in assessing the risk associated with wax deposition in the upstream production system. Keywords: Wax deposition, HYSYS, Paraffin dispersant, Simulation
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Abstract The problem cased by wax deposition during production and transportation of waxy oil has been receiving an increasing attention from the industry, especially with the off-shore projects expansion recently. Due to the high cost of those projects, an accurate modelling on wax precipitation and deposition is imperatively required to facilitate the design, development, and operation of those projects. While the wax precipitation models depict the thermodynamic behaviour of waxy oil, the modelling of wax deposition in production facilities and pipelines focuses on how soon wax would accumulate. The wax deposition simulation appears to be a more challenging task due to the high complexity and limited measured data available in the open literature. In this work, a compositional simulator is introduced to simulate the wax deposition in a pipeline. This model is founded on a thermodynamics model from our previous work and equipped with major wax deposition mechanisms as well as tuning function. Through four case studies, the model, with its prediction and tuning capability, has demonstrated a practical tool in flow assurance simulation. The results also suggest that a promising methodology can be applied in flow assurance study when the simulator is tuned with measurements from the high pressure deposition cell.
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The phenomenon of wax deposition is an extremely important issue in the petroleum industry. Researching it is of great help for the oil exploration, gathering, and transportation. This paper described the phenomenon of wax deposition, discussed the mechanism, analyzed the influencing factors and proposed the positive significance of the phenomenon of wax deposition on crude oil production and safe operation in oil gathering and transportation pipeline.
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Waxy crude oil will precipitate and adhere to shaft wall and pipe wall in oil production and transportation because of reduction of the environment temperature,decreasing the effective inside diameter of the pipeline,reducing the transportation capacity of the pipeline and even causing pipeline blockage.Review was made of progress of experimental research on wax deposition in petroleum pipeline,principles,features and applicability of different wax deposition apparatus
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Wax deposition is a significant flow assurance issue in oil/gas production and transportation, often leading to significant flow constrictions with eventual blockages of flowlines. Wax deposition issues are generally studied using flow loops and ex-situ measurement methods to determine the amount of wax deposition. In this work, we introduce a new benchtop system for wax deposition combined with methods for deposit thickness, distribution, and wax content measurements. Results are shown for both long and short-term wax tests to characterize the evolution of deposit thickness and wax content. Results show that extra deposition will occur during the pigging process and lead to an overestimation of the average deposit thickness from traditional measurement methods; however, it can be overcome by using the new test-needle measuring system. Moreover, a time-varying deposition mechanism is suggested, where deposit thickening is dominated in short-term deposition by the fast formation of a gel layer, and wax accumulation is dominated in long-term deposition, resulting in the hardening of the deposit. Overall, the results highlight the features of our new experimental system for wax deposition test and characterization, which are much needed to advance our understanding on this important flow assurance issue.
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One of the most relevant flow assurance issue in oil transportation is indeed the phenomena of wax deposition. Wax deposition occur when the temperature along the pipeline falls below a point where it is described as Wax Appearance Temperature(WAT) of the oil. The deposition may cause a lot of problems to the industry and definitely will involve expensive cause to overcome the problem. The main objective of this study is to compare wax deposition predicted by a simulation model to operational data.
Literature reviews was conducted extensively in order to have a better understanding regarding the topic and developments regarding this topic in recent years. The objective and scope of studies is determined. A Gantt chart is also constructed to measure the progress of the project. Forecasted result and outcome from this project are informations to determine which wax deposition method in certain software are the most reliable on predicting wax deposition to be use in Petroleum industry.
Prediction of wax deposition indeed help to minimize the cost of operating such equipment. The model used for the wax deposition simulations in this study is described below. The properties of the fluids used in the study are presented and discussed. Then the simulation results are presented and compared to the existing field experience data.
Finally, some conclusion are drawn. This simulation will enable prediction of wax deposition such as its wax deposition rate and thickness of deposition. A main conclusion of this paper is that wax deposition under field condition is not as severe as predicted by the model. This information will be greatly appreciated since it can assess remediation or prevention strategies, such as, the models can be used to evaluate insulation effectiveness or to estimate pigging frequency.
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Heavy crude oil, which is found within the pore of carbonate reservoir rocks, represent a significant portion of the oil reserve of the northern Iraqi oil fields. Production from heavy crude oil wells is usually associated with material deposition that results in reduction in production rate or blockage by forming obstruction inside the well and/or surface facilities and connecting lines. Predicting future deposition profiles for asphalting, wax and scales in heavy oil systems can help in avoiding flow assurance issues and keep production continuous. Therefore, this study came to predict deposition profiles within a heavy oil system using OLGA Commercial simulator and fluid characterization software. This study investigated the deposition profiles and trends and it will help the field operator to schedule remedial or work over plans that best suits the depositions in place and avoid production interruption of unplanned downtimes. Results showed severe asphaltene deposition using different models, reaching as high as 19 mm in the well, on the other hand wax showed mild deposition not exceeding 1 mm and scale deposition was around 2.6 mm in case of 50% water cut. Furthermore, asphaltene alone will contribute to 27% production loss in the future; this is even without considering the additional pressure loose that is induced due to irregular deposition shapes.
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